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{{Podcasts
|link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/duck-hepatitis-virus}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = DHV-II
|name = DHV-II
|sub-order =
|sub-order =
|super-family =
|super-family =
|family = Astroviridae
|family = [[:Category:Astroviridae|Astroviridae]]
|sub-family =
|sub-family =
|genus = Astrovirus
|genus = Astrovirus
|sub-order =
|sub-order =
|super-family =
|super-family =
|family = Picornaviridae
|family = [[:Category:Picornaviridae|Picornaviridae]]
|sub-family =
|sub-family =
|genus = Enterovirus
|genus = [[:Category:Enteroviruses|Enterovirus]]
|species = Duck Hepatitis Virus I and III
|species = Duck Hepatitis Virus I and III
}}
}}
Also Known As: '''''Duck Viral Hepatitis''''' — '''''DVH''''' — '''''DH'''''
Caused By: '''''Duck Hepatitis Virus 1 and 3'' — ''DHV-1'' — ''DHV-3''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
Duck hepatitis is caused by the '''enteroviruses''' DHV-I and DHV-III.
Duck hepatitis is caused by the [[:Category:Enteroviruses|'''enteroviruses''']] DHV-1 and DHV-3.
It is a '''highly fatal''' disease of ducklings causing very high '''mortality''', '''opisthotonus''' and '''hepatitis'''.
It is a '''highly fatal''' disease of ducklings causing very high '''mortality''', '''opisthotonus''' and '''hepatitis'''.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Ducks are the only species naturally affected.
Ducks are the only species naturally affected.
DHV-I occurs only in '''young ducklings''', usually '''<6 weeks''' of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the '''most virulent''' of the three.
DHV-1 occurs only in '''young ducklings''', usually '''<6 weeks''' of age and spreads rapidly within a flock. It is the '''most virulent''' of the three.
DHV-II is only reported in outdoor ducks on open fields.
DHV-2, an astrovirus (duck astrovirus 1), not an enterovirus, has only been reported in outdoor ducks on open fields.
Duck Hepatitis is not considered zoonotic.
Duck Hepatitis is not considered zoonotic.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
DHV-I is present worldwide.
DHV-1 is present worldwide.
DHV-II has only been reported in Norfolk, England <ref> Asplin, F. D. (1965). Duck hepatitis: vaccination against two serological types. Vet. Rec., 77:1529-1530</ref> and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.
DHV-2 has only been reported in Norfolk, England and no outbreaks have been recorded since the 1980’s.
DHV-III has only occurred in the USA.
DHV-3 has only been reported in the USA.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
'''Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis''', Paralysis, Enopthalmos.
'''Sudden deaths, Opisthotonus, Paresis''', Paralysis, Enopthalmos.
DHV-I infection is most virulent. Death usually occurs within 1-2 hours of clinical signs.
DHV-1 infection is most virulent. Morbidity is 100%, with mortality <95% up to one week of age, <50% for 1-3 weeks of age and negligible thereafter. Death usually occurs within 1-2 hours of clinical signs.
Mortality rates are lower in DHV-2 infections, reaching only 20%.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
On post-mortem examination, the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology| liver]]''' is '''enlarged''', appears '''greenish''' and displays distinct '''ecchymotic haemorrhages'''.
On post-mortem examination, the '''[[Avian Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]''' is '''enlarged''', appears '''greenish''' and displays distinct '''ecchymotic haemorrhages'''.
Splenic and [[Exotic Urinary System - Anatomy & Physiology#Avian|kidney]] swelling may also be evident. Cutaneous haemorrhage is often noted.
On histopathology, '''necrosis''' and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.
On histopathology, '''necrosis''' and inflammatory infiltrate are visible within hepatic cells.
'''Innoculation''' from liver suspensions an be used for confirmation of all DHVs.
'''Innoculation''' from liver suspensions can be used for confirmation of all DHVs using embryonated duck eggs, chicken eggs and tissue culture.
'''Direct immunofluorescence''' can also confirm presence of DHV-I.
'''Direct [[immunofluorescence]]''' can also confirm presence of DHV-1.
'''Virus Neutralisation (VN)''' serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.
'''Virus Neutralisation (VN)''' serological tests can be used to monitor vaccination response and epidemiology.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
No treatment is effective once infected.
No treatment is effective once infected.
==Control==
==Control==
'''Vaccination''' is only commercially available against '''DHV-I'''. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, live attenuated and inactivated forms are available.
'''Vaccination''' is only commercially available against '''DHV-1'''. Immunisation involves two or three innoculations. Live, attenuated and inactivated forms are available.
DHV-I can be prevented by '''strict isolation''' in the first 4-5 weeks of life.
DHV-1 can be prevented by '''strict isolation''' in the first 4-5 weeks of life.
The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.
The viruses are resistant to inactivation by heat, acid and some disinfectants. Only 5% phenol and formaldehyde are successful in inactivating the viruses.
Duck Hepatitis is a '''Class B''' disease listed by the ''Office des International Epizooties'' and thus any ducks '''exported''' require an international veterinary '''certificate''' that they are from a DVH free establishment and are not exhibiting clinical signs of DH. Vaccination status must also be disclosed.
Duck Hepatitis is a '''Class B''' disease listed by the ''Office des International Epizooties'' and thus any ducks '''exported''' require an international veterinary '''certificate''' that they are from a DVH free establishment and are not exhibiting clinical signs of DH. Vaccination status must also be disclosed.
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Duck+Hepatitis+Virus%29/ DHV Publications]
|flashcards = [[Duck Hepatitis Virus Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
==References==
Gough R.E. and McNulty, M.S. (2007) '''Picornaviridae'''. In: '''Poultry Diseases, 6th Edition''' (eds. Pattison, M., McMullin, P., Bradbury, J., Alexander, D.) ''Saunders, Elsevier'', pp 350-359
Woolcock, P.R. (2008) '''Duck Hepatitis'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 373-384
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=84184&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 duck hepatitis], [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84185 duck hepatitis virus] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84186 duck hepatitis virus type II]
|date =5 June 2011
}}
<br><br>
{{Dave Cavanagh
|date = 23 August 2011
}}
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[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
[[Category:Enteroviruses]]
[[Category:Astroviridae]]
[[Category:Avian Viruses]]
[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]