Changes

Also Known As '''''– DEV - Duck Plague Virus (DPV) – Duck plague'''''

Also Known As: '''''DEV — DVE — Duck Plague Virus — DPV — Duck Plague'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

[[File:Duck plague victim.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Duck with Duck plague exhibiting haemorrhagic nasal discharge and typical drooped wing appearance. Source: US Geological Survey via Wikimedia Commons]]

[[File:Duck plague victim.JPG|thumb|200px|right|Duck with duck plague exhibiting haemorrhagic nasal discharge and typical drooped wing appearance. Source: US Geological Survey via Wikimedia Commons]]

Duck viral enteritis is caused by a '''[[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]''' which can also infect geese and swans.

Duck viral enteritis is caused by a '''[[Herpesviridae|herpesvirus]]''' which can also infect geese and swans. The disease is '''acute and highly infectious''', causing high morbidity and mortality.

The disease is '''acute and highly infectious''', causing high morbidity and mortality

DVE is not zoonotic.

DVE is not zoonotic.

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Endemic in Northern America, Europe and Asia.  

Endemic in Northern America, Europe and Asia.  

Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' via the faecal-oral route or contaminated environments and equipment/personnel. '''Wild waterfowl''' are often asymptomatic carriers and shedders of DEV.

Transmission is mainly '''horizontal''' via the faecal-oral route or contaminated environments and equipment/personnel. '''Wild waterfowl''' are often asymptomatic carriers and shedders of DVE.

'''Vertical transmission''' also occurs from persistently infected female ducks to their eggs.

'''Vertical transmission''' also occurs from persistently infected female ducks to their eggs.

==Clinical Signs==

==Clinical Signs==

DEV causes primarily '''greenish [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]''', which can lead to dehydration, anorexia,  weakness, a typical '''drooped wing appearance''' and neurological signs. '''Haematochezia''' is often a feature. Birds often '''refuse to drink''', further exacerbating the dehydration and its sequelae.

DVE causes primarily '''greenish [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]]''', which can lead to dehydration, anorexia,  weakness, a typical '''drooped wing appearance''' and neurological signs. '''Haematochezia''' is often a feature. Birds often '''refuse to drink''', further exacerbating the dehydration and its sequelae.

'''Diptheroid plaques''' commonly form on the '''eyelids''' and also internally on the mucosae of the [[Respiratory System|respiratory system]] and [[Alimentary System|gastrointestinal system]].

'''Diptheroid plaques''' commonly form on the '''eyelids''' and also internally on the mucosae of the [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|respiratory system]] and [[Avian Alimentary System - Anatomy & Physiology|gastrointestinal system]].

Opthalmic signs sometimes present in DEV, including lacrimation, watery ocular discharge and photophobia.

Opthalmic signs sometimes present in DVE, including lacrimation, watery ocular discharge and photophobia.

Repiratory disease often manifests as a '''hoarse chirp''' but is non-specific.

Respiratory disease often manifests as a '''hoarse chirp''' but is non-specific.

These signs are often accompanied by a '''drop in egg production and a ruffled, unkempt appearance.'''

These signs are often accompanied by a '''drop in egg production and a ruffled, unkempt appearance.'''

Diagnosis can usually be made using history of clinical disease and necropsy:

Diagnosis can usually be made using history of clinical disease and necropsy:

On '''post-mortem, petechial haemorrhage in the conjunctivae, mucous membranes, trachea, syrinx and intestine are pathognomonic for DEV.''' This pathology is caused by '''increased vascular permeability'''.<ref name ="Richter">Richter, J. H. M., Horzinek, M. C (1993) '''Duck plague'''. Virus infections of birds.77-90;35</ref> In advanced disease, the same sites may become covered by '''yellow-white necrotic plaques''', sometimes forming pseudomembranes in the cloaca and oesophagus.<ref name="Richter" />

On '''post-mortem, petechial haemorrhage in the conjunctivae, mucous membranes, trachea, syrinx and intestine are pathognomonic for DEV.''' This pathology is caused by '''increased vascular permeability'''.In advanced disease, the same sites may become covered by '''yellow-white necrotic plaques''', sometimes forming pseudomembranes in the cloaca and oesophagus.

In young birds, these pathological changes are often associated with the '''[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)]]'''.

In young birds, these pathological changes are often associated with the '''[[Regional Lymphoid Tissue - Anatomy & Physiology#Structure|gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)]]'''. Organs often also demonstrate degenerative and necrotic changes and the gizzard and intestines are commonly '''filled with blood.'''

'''Intranuclear inclusion bodies''' can be detected via electron microscopy. PCR can be used to detect infection.

 

'''Intranuclear inclusion bodies''' can be detected via electron microscopy.

Serology can indicate previous exposure but is of limited use in active outbreaks.

Serology can indicate previous exposure but is of limited use in active outbreaks.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

The '''immediate efficacy of vaccines''' suggests that they may be indicated for use during developing outbreaks.<ref>Sandhu, T. S., Leibovitz, L (1997) '''Duck virus enteritis (Duck Plague)'''. Calnek, B. W., Barnes, H. J., Beard, C. W., McDougald, L. R., Saif, Y. M. eds. Diseases of Poultry, ed 10. ''Ames, USA: Iowa State University Press'', 675-683.</ref>

The '''immediate efficacy of vaccines''' suggests that they may be indicated for use during developing outbreaks. This rapidity of action is thought to be due to the action of stimulated interferons, known as the "interference phenomenon".

==Control==

==Control==

'''Vaccination''' is the mainstay of control of DVE. Only '''attenuated''' vaccines are efficacious.

'''Vaccination''' is the mainstay of control of DVE. Only '''attenuated''' vaccines are efficacious.

{{Learning

{{Learning

|flashcards = [[ Duck Viral Enteritis Flashcards]]

|flashcards = [[Duck Viral Enteritis Flashcards]]

}}

}}

==References==

==References==

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Duck plague virus datasheet''', accessed 20/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

 

Sandhu, T.S. and Metwally, S.A. (2008) '''Duck Viral Enteritis (Duck Plague)'''. In: '''Diseases of Poultry, 12th Edition''' (eds. Saif, Y.M., Fadly A.M., Glissen J.R., McDougald L.R., Nolan L.K., Swayne D.E.) ''Wiley-Blackwell'', pp 384-393

 

|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=84188&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 duck viral enteritis] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/Default.aspx?site=160&page=2144&LoadModule=datasheet&CompID=3&dsID=84187 duck plague virus]

 

 

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Duck viral enteritis datasheet''', accessed 20/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]

[[Category:Alimentary Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Birds]]

[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]