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Dystocia (view source)

Revision as of 13:11, 5 July 2012

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* Difficult and Extended Birth
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* Influenced by many factors such as:
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==Introduction==
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** Breed
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Dystocia refers to abnormal or difficult birth. Causes include maternal factors such as [[Uterine Inertia|uterine inertia]] and inadequate size of the birth canal and/or foetal factors such as foetal oversize or abnormal orientation.
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** Age
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** Parity
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** Body Condition
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** Environment
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** Nutritional status and energy balance
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Other factors influencing dystocia include: breed, age, parity, body condition, environment, nutritional status and energy balance. [[Normal Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Parturition is divided into three stages]].
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=== Incidence of Dystocia ===
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==Incidence of Dystocia==
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Figure of incidence are often unreliable as the assessment of dystocia is highly subjective.
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* '''Cow''': 3%
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Average figures are:
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* '''Ewe''': 3-30%
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* '''Sow''': 1%
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* '''Mare''': 4%
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* '''Bitch''': 1%
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* '''Queen''': 1%
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'''Cow''': 3-4% in dairy cows, much higher in some beef breeds
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=== Common Causes ===
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'''Mare''': 1-2% of ponies, up to 10% in some draught breeds
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* Incorrect foetal position e.g. breech in Lambs
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'''Ewe''': 2-3%, can reach 30% in some flocks
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** In the cow, mare and ewe the foetus must rotate in utero prior to parturition.
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* Foetus is too large, or dam is too small (fetomaternal disproportion)
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* Multiple births
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* Twins in monotocious species
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** Both may be presented simultaneously
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** First may be positioned abnormally and block passage of the second.
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** Uterus may become fatigued by difficult and sustained contractions.
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* Poor or absent Uterine contractions (Inertia)
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* Increases after pharmacological induction of parturition in cows and pigs
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=== Further Complications after Birth ===
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'''Sow''': <1%
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* Increased incidence of stillbirths
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'''Bitch''': Can be 100% in some brachycephalic/achondroplastic breeds
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* Increased neonatal mortality and morbidity
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* Increased incidence of mortality for the dam
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* Reduced dam productivity and fertility
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* Increased incidence of sterility, puerperal disease and culling
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* Mother often rejects the offspring
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'''Queen''': Low in feral animals, high in brachycephalics
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==Common Causes==
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Maternal factors tend to be more important in polycotous species, and foetal factors tend to be more important in monocotous species.
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'''Cow''': foetomaternal disproportion is common in heifers and beef breeds. Faulty disposition is also important
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'''Mare''': faulty disposition, especially postural abnormalities. Foetomaternal disproportion is rare.
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'''Ewe''': faulty disposition and twin presentations are the most frequent but are readily dealt with by the shepherd. Foetomaternal disproportion and ring womb are also common.
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'''Sow''': uterine inertia, foetomaternal disproportion in gilts and simultaneous presentations occur rarely.
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'''Bitch''': uterine inertia, foetomaternal disproportion, especially in brachycephalic breeds as well as other breeds with small litters.
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'''Queen''': similar to the dog, foetomaternal disproportion is more common with smaller litters.
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==Postpartum Complications==
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Dystocia leads to an increased incidence of '''stillbirths''', foetal rejection by the dam, increased '''neonatal mortality''' and morbidity, increased incidence of mortality in the dam, reduced dam productivity and fertility, increased incidence of sterility, '''puerperal disease''' and culling.
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==Dystocia in Different Species==
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[[Dystocia - Dog & Cat|Dystocia in the dog and cat]]
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[[Dystocia - Cattle|Dystocia in cattle]]
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[[Dystocia - Horse|Dystocia in the horse]]
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[[Dystocia - Donkey|Dystocia in the donkey]]
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==References==
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Kahn, C. (2005) '''The Merck Veterinary Manual 9th Edition''' ''Merck and Co''
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von Heimendahl, A. Cariou, M. (2009) '''Normal parturition and management of dystocia in dogs and cats''' ''In Practice'' 31:254-261
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Frame, N. (2006) '''Management of dystocia in cattle''' ''In Practice'' 28:470-476
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McGladdery, A. (2001) '''Dystocia and postpartum complications in the mare''' ''In Practice'' 23:74-80
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{{review}}
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{{OpenPages}}
 
[[Category:Reproductive Disorders]][[Category:Parturition]]
 
[[Category:Reproductive Disorders]][[Category:Parturition]]
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[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]][[Category:To Do - Clinical]]
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[[Category:Expert Review]]
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