Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Dystocia refers to abnormal or difficult birth. Causes include maternal factors such as uterine inertia and inadequate size of the birth canal and/or foetal factors such as foetal oversize or abnormal orientation.

Dystocia refers to abnormal or difficult birth. Causes include maternal factors such as [[Uterine Inertia|uterine inertia]] and inadequate size of the birth canal and/or foetal factors such as foetal oversize or abnormal orientation.

Other factors influencing dystocia include: breed, age, parity, body condition, environment, nutritional status and energy balance.

Other factors influencing dystocia include: breed, age, parity, body condition, environment, nutritional status and energy balance. [[Normal Parturition - Anatomy & Physiology|Parturition is divided into three stages]].

 

Parturition is divided into three stages:

 

*Stage 3: separation and expulsion of the foetal membranes. In polycotous species second and third stages are often inter-mixed.

==Incidence of Dystocia==

==Incidence of Dystocia==

'''Queen''': similar to the dog, foetomaternal disproportion is more common with smaller litters.

'''Queen''': similar to the dog, foetomaternal disproportion is more common with smaller litters.

==Postpartum complications==

==Postpartum Complications==

Dystocia leads to an increased incidence of '''stillbirths''', foetal rejection by the dam, increased '''neonatal mortality''' and morbidity, increased incidence of mortality in the dam, reduced dam productivity and fertility, increased incidence of sterility, '''puerperal disease''' and culling.

Dystocia leads to an increased incidence of '''stillbirths''', foetal rejection by the dam, increased '''neonatal mortality''' and morbidity, increased incidence of mortality in the dam, reduced dam productivity and fertility, increased incidence of sterility, '''puerperal disease''' and culling.

==Dystocia in different species==

==Dystocia in Different Species==

[[Dystocia - Dog & Cat|Dystocia in the dog and cat]]

[[Dystocia - Dog & Cat|Dystocia in the dog and cat]]

 

[[Category:Reproductive Disorders]][[Category:Parturition]]

[[Category:Reproductive Disorders]][[Category:Parturition]]

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]]

[[Category:Expert Review]]

 

[[Category:To Do - Helen]]