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[[Category:To Do - Steph]]
Also Known As — '''''[[Theileriosis]]''''' — '''''Corridor Disease''''' — '''''January Disease''''' — '''''Theileria parva''''' — '''''Exotic theileriosis''''' — '''''Zimbabwe theileriosis''''' — '''''Murimu wa ngai''''' (African) — '''''Ol tegana''''' (African)
==Introduction==
East Coast fever is a form of [[Theileriosis | theileriosis]] caused by ''Trypanosoma parva''.
==Signalment==
Cattle, sheep and goats can be affected.
==Distribution==
==Clinical Signs==
Early clinical signs include marked '''pyrexia''', '''leucopaenia''', '''inapettance''', decrease in milk production, '''lymphadenopathy''' and '''palpably hot [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]'''.
As disease progresses, multisystemic signs develop:
'''Cardiovascular'''– Tachycardia, Petechiae and Ecchymoses, [[Anaemia]]
'''Respiratory'''- Nasal discharge, Dyspnoea, Cough
'''Gastrointestinal'''– [[Diarrhoea]] with mucus and/or blood, Inappetance, Hypomotility, Constipation
'''Opthalmological'''– Blindness, Nystagmus, Corneal oedema, Discharge, Photophobia, Increased lacrimation
'''Reproductive'''– Abortion, Stillbirths, Agalactia
'''Urinary'''– Red, brown or pink urine, Haemoglobinuria, Myoglobinuria
'''Dermatological'''– Pruritus, Plaques, Wheals, Papules, Oedema, Subcutaneous masses
'''Other'''– Sudden death, [[Icterus]], Marked Pyrexia, Neurological signs, Emaciation
The clinical phase usually lasts '''2-3 weeks''', but death occasionally occurs within a week.
Sub-lethal acute disease may be followed by complete recovery or continue as chronic emaciation and decreased productivity and performance.
===Corridor Disease===
Acute and usually fatal form of East Coast Fever that occurs when T. parva is transmitted from '''African buffalo''' to cattle. Buffalo appear to be asymptomatic carriers and replication of T. parva is restricted within domestic cattle.
===January Disease===
Also Known As – '''''Zimbabwe theileriosis''''' – '''''Fortuna disease'''''
Acute '''strictly seasonal''' fatal form of T. parva in Zimbabwe. Occurs only from '''December to May''' due to the distribution of its vector, R. Appendiculatus.
Chronic signs such as emaciation and diarrhoea are rarely seen in Corridor disease and January disease due to the short disease course before death.
==Diagnosis==
On post-mortem examination, the lymphoid system is severely damaged and respiratory changes are marked.
Froth is often present in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles due to pneumonia and pulmonary oedema. Ulcers may be seen in the peyers patches and necrosis in the lymphoid tissue.
Lymph nodes and spleen may be hyperplastic.
The heart is commonly petechiated and ecchymotic.
Petechiae may also be seen throughout the intestines and abomasums in ruminants.
==Treatment==
'''Buparvaquone/Parvaquone''' and '''Halofuginone''' chemotherapy drugs are effective.
'''Tetracyclines''' are also effective against schizonts.
'''Immunisation''' with cryopreserved sporozoites is also possible but carries a risk of causing patent disease.
==Control==
Vaccination with '''cryopreserved sporozoites''' derived from crushed ticks is possible but expensive and not without risks.
Control of tick vectors and use of tick resistant breeds is also valuable.
==References==
<references/>
Animal Health & Production Compendium, East Coast Fever datasheet, accessed 02/06/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/
[[Category:To Do – CABI review]]