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Also Known As — '''''[[Theileriosis - Cattle | Theileriosis]]''''' — '''''Corridor Disease''''' — '''''January Disease''''' — '''''Theileria parva''''' — '''''Exotic theileriosis''''' — '''''Zimbabwe theileriosis''''' — '''''Murimu wa ngai''''' (African) — '''''Ol tegana''''' (African)
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Also Known As: '''''[[Theileriosis - Cattle |Theileriosis]] — Corridor Disease — January Disease — [[Theileria|Theileria parva]] — Exotic Theileriosis — Zimbabwe Theileriosis — Fortuna Disease — Murimu wa ngai''''' (African) — '''''Ol tegana''''' (African)
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
East Coast fever is a form of [[Theileriosis - Cattle| theileriosis]] caused by ''Trypanosoma parva''.
[[File:T parva.gif|thumb|200px|right|''Theileria parva'' within the blood]]
East Coast fever is a form of [[Theileriosis - Cattle| theileriosis]] caused by ''Theileria parva''.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Mainly cattle. Also possibly buffalo.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Mainly in '''tropical''' regions due to reliance upon tick vectors.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Early clinical signs include marked '''pyrexia''', '''leucopaenia''', '''inapettance''', decrease in milk production, '''lymphadenopathy''' and '''palpably hot [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]'''.
[[File:Theileria lifecycle.gif|thumb|200px|right|''Theileria'' lifecycle]]
Early clinical signs include marked '''pyrexia''', '''leucopaenia''', '''inappetence''', decrease in milk production, '''lymphadenopathy''' and '''palpably hot [[Lymph Nodes - Anatomy & Physiology|lymph nodes]]'''.
As disease progresses, multisystemic signs develop:
As disease progresses, multisystemic signs develop:
'''Cardiovascular'''– Tachycardia, Petechiae and Ecchymoses, [[Anaemia]]
'''Cardiovascular''' – Tachycardia, Petechiae and Ecchymoses, possibly [[Anaemia]]
'''Respiratory'''- Nasal discharge, Dyspnoea, Cough
'''Respiratory''' - Nasal discharge, Dyspnoea, Cough
'''Gastrointestinal'''– [[Diarrhoea]] with mucus and/or blood, Inappetance, Hypomotility, Constipation
'''Gastrointestinal''' – [[Diarrhoea]] with mucus and/or blood, Inappetance, Hypomotility, Constipation
'''Opthalmological'''– Blindness, Nystagmus, Corneal oedema, Discharge, Photophobia, Increased lacrimation
'''Opthalmological''' – Blindness, Corneal opacity, Discharge, Photophobia, Increased lacrimation
'''Reproductive'''– Abortion, Stillbirths, Agalactia
'''Reproductive''' – Abortion, Stillbirths, Agalactia
'''Other''' – Sudden death, [[Icterus]], Marked Pyrexia, Neurological signs, Emaciation
'''Other'''– Sudden death, [[Icterus]], Marked Pyrexia, Neurological signs, Emaciation
The clinical phase usually lasts '''2-3 weeks''', but death occasionally occurs within a week.
The clinical phase usually lasts '''2-3 weeks''', but death occasionally occurs within a week.
Sub-lethal acute disease may be followed by complete recovery or continue as chronic emaciation and decreased productivity and performance.
Sub-lethal acute disease may be followed by complete recovery or more usually continue as chronic emaciation and decreased productivity and performance.
===Corridor Disease===
===Corridor Disease===
Acute and usually fatal form of East Coast Fever that occurs when T. parva is transmitted from '''African buffalo''' to cattle. Buffalo appear to be asymptomatic carriers and replication of T. parva is restricted within domestic cattle.
Acute and usually fatal form of East Coast Fever that occurs when ''T. parva'' is transmitted from '''African buffalo''' to cattle. Buffalo appear to be asymptomatic carriers.
===January Disease===
===January Disease===
Also Known As – '''''Zimbabwe theileriosis''''' – '''''Fortuna disease'''''
Also Known As – '''''Zimbabwe theileriosis''''' – '''''Fortuna disease'''''
Acute '''strictly seasonal''' fatal form of T. parva in Zimbabwe. Occurs only from '''December to May''' due to the distribution of its vector, R. Appendiculatus.
Acute '''strictly seasonal''' fatal form of ''T. parva'' in Zimbabwe. Occurs only from '''December to May''', or more commonly January to March, due to the distribution of its vector, ''[[Rhipicephalus spp.|Rhipicephalus]] appendiculatus''.
Chronic signs such as emaciation and diarrhoea are rarely seen in Corridor disease and January disease due to the short disease course before death.
Chronic signs such as emaciation and diarrhoea are rarely seen in Corridor disease and January disease due to the short disease course before death.
On post-mortem examination, the lymphoid system is severely damaged and respiratory changes are marked.
On post-mortem examination, the lymphoid system is severely damaged and respiratory changes are marked.
Froth is often present in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles due to pneumonia and pulmonary oedema. Ulcers may be seen in the peyers patches and necrosis in the lymphoid tissue.
Froth is often present in the trachea, bronchi and bronchioles due to pneumonia and pulmonary oedema. Necrosis of the lymphoid tissue may be seen.
Lymph nodes and spleen may be hyperplastic.
Lymph nodes and spleen may be hyperplastic.
The heart is commonly petechiated and ecchymotic.
The heart is commonly petechiated and ecchymotic.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
'''Buparvaquone/Parvaquone''' and '''Halofuginone''' chemotherapy drugs are effective.
'''Buparvaquone/Parvaquone''' and '''Halofuginone''' chemotherapy drugs can be effective but their cost often makes them prohibitive.
'''Tetracyclines''' are also effective against schizonts.
'''Tetracyclines''' may also be effective against schizonts.
'''Immunisation''' with cryopreserved sporozoites is also possible but carries a risk of causing patent disease.
'''Immunisation''' with cryopreserved sporozoites is also possible but carries a risk of causing patent disease.
==Control==
==Control==
Vaccination with '''cryopreserved sporozoites''' derived from crushed ticks is possible but expensive and not without risks.
Vaccination with '''cryopreserved sporozoites''' derived from crushed ticks is possible but expensive and not without risks. Vaccination is followed by treatment with long acting oxytetracycline - the so called '''Infection and Treatment Method (ITM)'''.
Control of tick vectors and use of tick resistant breeds is also valuable.
Control of tick vectors and use of tick resistant breeds is also valuable.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[East Coast Fever Flashcards]]
}}
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=62109&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 East Coast fever]
|date =2 June 2011
}}
<br><br><br>
{{Nick Lyons
|date = 25 March 2012
}}
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[[Category:To Do – CABI review]]
[[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cattle]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]
[[Category:Nick Lyons reviewed]]