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<FlashCard questions="5">
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<FlashCard questions="13">
|q1=What disease does the ''Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs?
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|q1=What disease does the Encephalomyocarditis virus cause in pigs and which systems can it affect?
|a1= Encephalomyocarditis. The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs.
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|a1=Encephalomyocarditis. The disease affects the nervous, reproductive, respiratory and circulatory system of pigs.
 
|l1=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
|l1=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
|q2=what type of virus is ''Encephalomyocarditis virus''(EMCV)?
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|q2=What type of virus is Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV)?
|a2= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus
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|a2= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus.
 
|l2= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
|l2= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
|q3= What are the properties of EMCV?
 
|q3= What are the properties of EMCV?
 
|a3=
 
|a3=
*It is stable over a wide range of pH.
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*It is stable over a wide range of pH
 
*The virus is ether-resistant
 
*The virus is ether-resistant
*It can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes (although some are more thermally stabile).
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*It can be inactivated at 60°C for 30 minutes (although some are more thermally stabile)
 
|l3= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
|l3= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
|q4=Can the ''Encephalomyocarditis virus''(EMCV)infect humans?
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|q4=Can EMCV infect humans?
|a4= Antibodies for EMCV have been found in humans but there are no reports that the virus causes human heart disease
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|a4= Antibodies for EMCV have been found in humans but there are no reports that the virus causes human heart disease.
 
|l4= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
 
|l4= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
|q5=what are the hosts for (EMCV)?
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|q5=What are the hosts for (EMCV)?
 
|a5= The domestic host for this virus is the pig and it is the most susceptible to EMCV infection.  Other hosts include:
 
|a5= The domestic host for this virus is the pig and it is the most susceptible to EMCV infection.  Other hosts include:
 
*Chimpanzees
 
*Chimpanzees
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*Racoons  
 
*Racoons  
 
|l5= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Signalment
 
|l5= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Signalment
|q6=What are the clinical signs associated with (EMCV)?
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|q6=What are the clinical signs associated with EMCV?
 
|a6= The disease causes:
 
|a6= The disease causes:
 
*High mortality in young pigs
 
*High mortality in young pigs
 
*Reproductive failures in breeding females  
 
*Reproductive failures in breeding females  
 
*Piglets suffer from myocarditis, encephalitis and sudden death due to myocardial failure
 
*Piglets suffer from myocarditis, encephalitis and sudden death due to myocardial failure
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The clinical signs include:
   
*Vomiting and regurgitation
 
*Vomiting and regurgitation
 
*Anorexia, pyrexia, fasciculations, tachypnea, dyspnea, and open mouth breathing
 
*Anorexia, pyrexia, fasciculations, tachypnea, dyspnea, and open mouth breathing
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|l6= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Clinical Signs
 
|l6= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Clinical Signs
 
|q7=How is the virus believed to be spread?
 
|q7=How is the virus believed to be spread?
|a7= Throughh rodents (major reservoir of the disease)that can infect pigs directly or through diseased carcasses and contaminated feeds or water supplies.  
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|a7= Through rodents (major reservoir of the disease) - infecting pigs directly or through diseased carcasses and contaminated feeds or water supplies.  
 
|l7= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Epidemiology
 
|l7= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Epidemiology
|q8=What is the distribution of ''Encephalomyocarditis virus''(EMCV)?
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|q8=What is the distribution of EMCV?
|a8= Worldwide; cases were first reported in Central America, Florida and Australia
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|a8= Worldwide; cases were first reported in Central America, Florida and Australia.
 
|l8= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Distribution
 
|l8= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Distribution
|q9=what type of virus is ''Encephalomyocarditis virus''(EMCV)?
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|q9=How can EMCV be diagnosed?
|a9= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus
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|a9= A definitive diagnosis can be confirmed by virus isolation from infected heart tissue from pigs that have died in the acute phase of the disease.
|l9= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
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|q10=what type of virus is ''Encephalomyocarditis virus''(EMCV)?
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|a10= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus
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|l10= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
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|q11=what type of virus is ''Encephalomyocarditis virus''(EMCV)?
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|a11= A single stranded RNA (ssRNA) virus
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|l11= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Introduction
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Detection of antibody specific to EMCV from still born piglets has been used to confirm foetal infection.
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|l9= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
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|q10=What pathology can be found on postmortem?
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|a10=
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*Cardiomegaly
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*Myocardial lesions with yellow or white necrotic foci, usually on the epicardium of the right ventricle.
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Infected foetuses can grossly vary depending on the stage of pregnancy and infection. Foetuses can be haemorrhagic, oedematous or apparently normal.
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Acutely affected pigs may not show any gross lesions on post mortem.
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|l10= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
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|q11=What histopathological findings can be seen with EMCV?
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|a11=
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Within heart tissue:
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*Myocarditis
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*Focal or diffuse accumulation of mononuclear cells
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*Vascular congestion and oedema
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*Degeneration of the myocardial fibres with necrosis and occasional mineralization of necrotic heart muscle
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Within brain tissue:
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*Congestion
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*Meningitis
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*Perivascular infiltration (mononuclear cells)
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*Neuronal degeneration
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Within foetuses:
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*Nonsuppurative encephalitis
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*Myocarditis
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|l11=Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Diagnosis
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|q12=What treatment is there for encephalomyocarditis?
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|a12=There is no specific treatment. Mortality levels in at risk pigs can be reduced by avoiding stress or excitation.
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|l12= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Treatment
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|q13=How can EMCV be controlled?
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|a13=
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*Inactivated vaccine (intramuscularly) in the USA.
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*Control rodent populations on farm to prevent the spread of disease and contamination of feeds or water supply
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*Good husbandry and hygiene protocols should be followed
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*Regular use of disinfectants
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|l13= Encephalomyocarditis Virus#Control
 
</FlashCard>
 
</FlashCard>
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[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:CABI Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:Reproductive Diseases Flashcards]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]]
 
[[Category:Reproductive Diseases Flashcards]] [[Category:Neurological Diseases Flashcards]]
[[[[Category:To Do - Jaimie Meagor]]
 
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