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Endoparasiticides - Donkey (view source)
Revision as of 12:56, 6 December 2013
, 12:56, 6 December 2013no edit summary
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The epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical findings and treatment of parasitic infections in donkeys are described in detail in [[Parasites - Donkey|the parasite section]]. Further information on antiparasitic treatment of working donkeys outside the UK is given in [[Exotic Infections - Donkey]] section.
Three principal chemical classes of anthelmintics (macrocyclic lactones, benzimidazoles and tetrahydropyrimidines) are used most
commonly.
{| cellpadding="10" cellspacing="0" border="1"
| '''Chemical family group'''
| '''Generic name'''
| '''Indications'''
|-
| [[Macrocyclic Lactones|Macrocyclic lactones]]
| Avermectins ''e.g.'' Ivermectin
| [[Ascarids - Donkey|Roundworm]], [[Lungworm - Donkey|Lungworm]] (''D. arnfieldi'')
|-
| .
| Milbemycins ''e.g.'' Moxidectin
| [[Ascarids - Donkey|Roundworm]], [[Lungworm - Donkey|Lungworm]] (''D. arnfieldi'')
|-
| [[Benzimidazoles]]
| Fenbendazole <sup>2
| [[Ascarids - Donkey|Roundworm]]
|-
| .
| Oxfendazole
| [[Ascarids - Donkey|Roundworm]], [[Lungworm - Donkey|Lungworm]] (''D. arnfieldi'')
|-
| .
| Mebendazole<sup>2
| [[Ascarids - Donkey|Roundworm]], [[Lungworm - Donkey|Lungworm]] (''D. arnfieldi'')
|-
| [[Morantel|Tetrahydropyrimidines]]
| Pyrantel<sup>2
| [[Ascarids - Donkey|Roundworm]], [[Tapeworm - Donkey|Tapeworm]] (''A. perfoliata'')
|-
| Pyrazinoisoquinoline
| [[Praziquantel]]
| [[Tapeworm - Donkey|Tapeworm]] (''A. perfoliata'')
|}
<sup>2</sup> Some products containing the active ingredient are available in the UK with market authorisation to be used in donkeys
==[[Macrocyclic Lactones]]==
Macrocyclic lactones (e.g. '''ivermectin, moxidectin''') are highly lipophilic and are distributed widely and eliminated slowly, thus producing persistent anthelmintic activity. Ivermectin and moxidectin have a broad spectrum of activity and high efficacy against the adult stages of the major parasites of the horse with the exception of [[Tapeworm - Donkey|tapeworms]]. Moxidectin suppresses faecal worm egg output for longer than ivermectin, due to in part to physicochemical differences between the two compounds. Ivermectin has only limited activity against fourth-stage cyathostome larvae and variable activity against fourth-stage ascarids. Moxidectin is fairly ineffective against bots ([[Bots - Donkey|''Gasterophilus spp.'' larvae]]).
[[Lungworm - Donkey|''Dictyocaulus arnfieldi'']] alone rarely causes clinical problems in donkeys, although it may exacerbate respiratory infections due to other causes. Due to the reported incidence of this parasite in donkeys, particularly when they are co-grazed with horses, where lungworm can cause significant clinical problems, a general control strategy (''e.g.'' with ivermectin) is recommended.
Although macrocyclic lactones are marketed as endectocides for ruminants and dogs, the formulations approved for use in the donkey or the horse have no label claim for efficacy against lice, mites or ticks. The macrocyclic lactones are extremely safe in mammals. However, moxidectin can produce side effects (neurological signs) in animals with insufficient adipose tissue, e.g. in young foals or emaciated animals.
==[[Benzimidazoles]]==
The benzimidazoles (''e.g.''''' fenbendazole, oxfendazole, mebendazole''') bind nematode tubulin and have a slow onset of the anthelmintic effect relative to anthelmintics that disrupt parasite neurotransmission (''e.g.'' the macrocyclic lactones).
'''Fenbendazole''' and '''mebendazole''' have a broad spectrum of activity against adult [[Strongyles - Donkey|strongyles]] (in the absence of resistant cyathostome populations), [[Ascarids - Donkey|ascarids]] and [[Lungworm - Donkey|lungworm]] but NOT [[Tapeworm - Donkey|tapeworm]] or [[Bots - Donkey|bots]].
The benzimidazole '''triclabendazole''' is effective against [[Flukes - Donkey|liver fluke]].
==Tetrahydropyrimidines==
Tetrahydropyrimidines (''e.g.''''' pyrantel embonate''') are active against adult and luminal stages of [[Strongyles - Donkey|strongyles]] and [[Ascarids - Donkey|ascarids]] but have only LIMITED efficacy against migrating larval parasites and NO activity against [[Bots - Donkey|bots]]. Double dose rates can be used to treat [[Tapeworm - Donkey|tapeworms]].
==[[Anthelmintic Resistance|Resistance to anthelmintics]]==
Frequent use of [[Anthelmintic Drugs|anthelmintics]] and sub-optimal dosing has been implicated in the selection for resistant nematodes. Egg counts should be used as a guide to worming. Weigh the donkey or estimate its weight using the [[Heart Girth Nomogram - Donkey|nomogram]] to allow more accurate worm dosing.
Previous trials at [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk/ the Donkey Sanctuary] suggest that resistance to the benzimidazole and pyrantel derivatives is developing. Recent trials have indicated that resistance to [[Macrocyclic Lactones|moxidectin]] may be developing. Future development in biological control using nematode-trapping fungi is being studied.
==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
<br><br><br>
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=(title:(anthelmin*)+OR+subject:(anthelmin*)+OR+title:(endoparasiticide)+OR+subject:(endoparasiticides))+AND+(ab:(donkey)+OR+title:(donkey)+OR+od:(donkeys)) Anthelmintics in donkeys related publications]
==References==
* Horspool, L. (2008) Clinical pharmacology In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 12
* Trawford, A. and Getachew, M. (2008) Parasites In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 6
* Trawford, A.F. (2004). ‘Prescribing for donkeys’. ''The Veterinary Formulary. 6th edition''. Y. Bishop (ed). The Pharmaceutical Press, London.
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{{infotable
|Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
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[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Pharmacology_-_Donkey]][[Category:Endoparasites_-_Donkey]]
[[Category:Parasites_-_Donkey]]