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==Introduction==

 

A pneumonic disease which is caused by a range of infectious agents in combination with management and environmental stress causing damage to the respiratory tract predisposing to disease.  

==Description==

It is principally of viral origin and the following viruses have been implemented in disease. [[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus|Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)]], [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3 (PI3)]], [[Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus|Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)]], [[Bovine Adenovirus|Adenoviruses]], [[Bovine Coronavirus|Calf coronavirus]] and [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|Bovine herpes viruses]].   

A pneumonic disease which is caused by a range of infectious agents in combination with management and environmental stress causing damage to the respiratory tract.  

[[Mycoplasmas]] have also been implemented and secondary bacterial infection is common.  

It is principally of viral origin and the following viruses have been implemented in disease. [[Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus|Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)]], [[Bovine Parainfluenza - 3|Parainfluenza- 3 (PI3)]], [[Flaviviridae|Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)]], [[Adenoviridae|Adenoviruses]], [[Coronaviridae|Calf coronavirus]] and [[Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis|Bovine herpes viruses]].   

Mycoplasmas hve also been implemented and secondary bacterial infection is common.  

Bacterial agents include [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]], [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']], [[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]  and ''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''.

Bacterial agents include [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]], [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']], [[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]  and ''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''.

All agents are transmitted by aerosol and direct contact.

All agents are transmitted by aerosol and direct contact.

==History and Clinical signs==

==History and Clinical signs==

Acutely affected animals:

<u>Acutely affected animals:</u>

 

Affects a group of calves who display respiratory signs including a dry cough, increased respiratory rate, nasal  and lacrimal discharge. Animals are pyrexic, depressed and also often anorexic.  

Affects a group of calves who display respiratory signs including a dry cough, increased respiratory rate, nasal  and lacrimal discharge. Animals are pyrexic, depressed and also often anorexic.  

Chronically affected animals:

<u>Chronically affected animals:</u>

 

Usually affects a group of animals who are kept indoors. The disease is gradual in onset and although respiratory signs similar to acutely affected animals are present the animals remain bright and eating.

Usually affects a group of animals who are kept indoors. The disease is gradual in onset and although respiratory signs similar to acutely affected animals are present the animals remain bright and eating.

==Pathology==

==Pathology==

[[Image:Acute suppurative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Acute suppurative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]

[[Image:Acute suppurative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Acute suppurative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]

[[Image:Calf pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Calf pneumonia - chronic, with abscesses, fibrosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]

[[Image:Calf pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>Calf pneumonia - chronic, with abscesses, fibrosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]

===Gross pathology===

 

'''Gross pathology''':

Consolidation of the cranioventral lung areas  will be present which increases in volume with duration of disease. Exudate is present in the main airway of affected lung lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue.

Even to proper follicle formation is present, some of which may be large enough to compress the lumen.

A Mixed cell exudate will be present in the airway lumen and substantial lymphoid tissue will be present around the airways. The alveolar walls may be thickened with lymphocytes.

==Treatment and Control==

==Treatment and Control==

Once a diagnosis has been made as to the likely causative organisms a number of management issues on the farm must be addessed. These include ensuring each calf ingests enough good quality colostrum, good nutrition, stress management, good housing, and other management of any concurrent diseases. Additionally group sizes should be assessed and ideally no more than 20 calves should be housed per group. Animals shoul be kept in groups of the same age and should not share airspace with adult cattle.  If this is not possible animals should be arranged with the air flowing from youngest to oldest. Isolation/ hospital pens should be available to prevent spread of disease and to ensure affeced animals are cared for correctly.  

Once a diagnosis has been made as to the likely causative organisms a number of management issues on the farm must be addressed. These include ensuring each calf ingests enough good quality colostrum, good nutrition, stress management, good housing, and other management of any concurrent diseases. Additionally group sizes should be assessed and ideally no more than 20 calves should be housed per group. Animals should be kept in groups of the same age and should not share airspace with adult cattle.  If this is not possible animals should be arranged with the air flowing from youngest to oldest. Isolation/ hospital pens should be available to prevent spread of disease and to ensure affected animals are cared for correctly.  

Additionally once causative organisms have been identified vaccination programmes can also be put in place

Additionally, once causative organisms have been identified [[Vaccines|vaccination]] programmes can also be put in place for cows 4 weeks pre-partum to improve colostral antibodies that the calves will receive.

for cows 4 weeks pre-partum to improve colostral antibodies that the calves will recieve.

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

Good if recognised early and if affected animals are treated and management is improved.

 

Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).

==References==

==References==

[[Category:Cattle]]

[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Cattle]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]

[[Category:Respiratory_Bacterial_Infections]]

[[Category:To_Do_-_Caz]]

 

 

[[Category:Brian Aldridge reviewing]]