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Also known as: '''''EPM — Equine protozoal myelitis — Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis

Also known as: '''''EPM — Equine protozoal myelitis — Equine protozoal encephalomyelitis

==Description==

==Introduction==

A progressive, infectious,<ref name="Pasq">Pasquini, C, Pasquini, S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''' (Third edition), ''SUDZ Publishing'', 245-250.</ref>neurological disease of horses, endemic in the USA<ref name="EPM8">Gray, L.C, Magdesian, K.G, Sturges, B.K, Madigan, J.E (2001) Suspected protozoal myeloencephalitis in a two-month-old colt.  ''Vet Rec'', 149:269-273.</ref> and only encountered elsewhere in equids that have travelled in the Americas.<ref name="EPM3">Vatistas, N, Mayhew, J (1995) Differential diagnosis of polyneuritis equi.  ''In Practice'', Jan, 26-29.</ref>  Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neurological conditions in the Western Hemisphere<ref name="Furr">Furr, M (2010) ''Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12.</ref> and the principal differential for multifocal, asymmetric progressive central nervous system (CNS) disease.<ref name="Pasq">Pasquini, C, Pasquini, S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''' (Third edition), ''SUDZ Publishing'', 245-250.</ref>  The disease is not contagious.<ref name="Pasq">Pasquini, C, Pasquini, S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''', (Third edition), ''SUDZ Publishing'', 245-250.</ref>

A progressive, infectious,<ref name="Pasq">Pasquini, C, Pasquini, S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''' (Third edition), ''SUDZ Publishing'', 245-250.</ref>neurological disease of horses, endemic in the USA<ref name="EPM8">Gray, L.C, Magdesian, K.G, Sturges, B.K, Madigan, J.E (2001) Suspected protozoal myeloencephalitis in a two-month-old colt.  ''Vet Rec'', 149:269-273.</ref> and only encountered elsewhere in equids that have travelled in the Americas.<ref name="EPM3">Vatistas, N, Mayhew, J (1995) Differential diagnosis of polyneuritis equi.  ''In Practice'', Jan, 26-29.</ref>  Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) is one of the most frequently diagnosed neurological conditions in the Western Hemisphere<ref name="Furr">Furr, M (2010) ''Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis'' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12.</ref> and the principal differential for multifocal, asymmetric progressive central nervous system (CNS) disease.<ref name="Pasq">Pasquini, C, Pasquini, S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''' (Third edition), ''SUDZ Publishing'', 245-250.</ref>  The disease is not contagious.<ref name="Pasq">Pasquini, C, Pasquini, S, Woods, P (2005) '''Guide to Equine Clinics Volume 1: Equine Medicine''', (Third edition), ''SUDZ Publishing'', 245-250.</ref>

*Other differentials with similar presentations should be ruled out wherever possible

*Other differentials with similar presentations should be ruled out wherever possible

*The horse should be resident in or have travelled within the Americas<ref name="EPM3">Vatistas, N, Mayhew, J (1995) Differential diagnosis of polyneuritis equi.  ''In Practice'', Jan, 26-29.</ref>

*The horse should be resident in or have travelled within the Americas<ref name="EPM3">Vatistas, N, Mayhew, J (1995) Differential diagnosis of polyneuritis equi.  ''In Practice'', Jan, 26-29.</ref>

The primary step in the diagnostic procedure should be to carry out thorough clinical and [[Neuro Exam of The Horse - Pathology|neurological examinations]]. <ref name="Johnson">Johnson, A.L (2009) Evidence-based review of diagnosis and treatment of ''Sarcocystis neurona'' infection (Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis).  ''Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP'' - Las Vegas, NV, USA, 55:172-176.</ref>  

The primary step in the diagnostic procedure should be to carry out thorough clinical and [[:Category:Neurological Examination - Horse|neurological examinations]]. <ref name="Johnson">Johnson, A.L (2009) Evidence-based review of diagnosis and treatment of ''Sarcocystis neurona'' infection (Equine Protozoal Myeloencephalitis).  ''Proceedings of the Annual Convention of the AAEP'' - Las Vegas, NV, USA, 55:172-176.</ref>  

===Immunodiagnostic  tests===

===Immunodiagnostic  tests===

[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]

|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Equine+Protozoal+Myeloencephalitis%22%29+OR+title%3A%28EPM%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Equine+protozoal+encephalomyelitis%22%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Equine+protozoal+myelitis%22%29 Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis]

 

|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103149572.pdf ''' Evidence-based review of diagnosis and treatment of Sarcocystis neurona infection (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis).''' Johnson, A. L.; White, N., II; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 55th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 5-9 December 2009, 2009, pp 172-176, 27 ref.]

 

[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Equine+Protozoal+Myeloencephalitis%22%29+OR+title%3A%28EPM%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Equine+protozoal+encephalomyelitis%22%29+OR+title%3A%28%22Equine+protozoal+myelitis%22%29 Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis]

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103149572.pdf ''' Evidence-based review of diagnosis and treatment of Sarcocystis neurona infection (equine protozoal myeloencephalitis).''' Johnson, A. L.; White, N., II; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 55th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA, 5-9 December 2009, 2009, pp 172-176, 27 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']

[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2006/20063226204.pdf '''Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis - a review.''' Waghmare, S. P.; Shafiqur Rahman; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad, India, Intas Polivet, 2006, 7, 1, pp 59-63, 18 ref.]

==References==

==References==

[[Category:Expert_Review]]

[[Category:Expert_Review]]

[[Category:Neurological_Disorders_-_Horse]]

[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Horse]]