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| + | Also known as: '''''Equine viral encephalomyelitis — Equine viral encephalitides — Equine viral encephalomyelitides''''' |
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− | ====Description==== | + | ==Introduction== |
− | Viraemia. CNS replication within a week
| + | Viral diseases affecting the central nervous system (CNS) of equidae causing encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Most commonly involves [[Equine Togaviral Encephalitis]]. |
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− | ====Epidemiology==== | + | ==Aetiology== |
− | Transfer via '''vector''': mostly through '''mosquito salivary transfer'''
| + | Infection with any of the following viruses can cause CNS disease in horses: |
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− | ====Signalment====
| + | Family Bornaviridae, Genus ''Bornavirus'' |
| + | *Borna Disease Virus |
| + | Family Bunyaviridae, Genus ''Bunyamweravirus'' |
| + | *Cache Valley Virus |
| + | Family Bunyaviridae, Genus ''Orthobunyavirus'' |
| + | *California Encephalitis viruses <ref>Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12.</ref> |
| + | **Snowshoe Hare Virus |
| + | **Jamestown Canyon Virus |
| + | *Main Drain Virus |
| + | Family [[:Category:Flaviviridae|Flaviviridae]], Genus [[:Category:Flaviviruses|''Flavivirus'']] |
| + | *[[Japanese Encephalitis Virus]] |
| + | *Kunjin Virus |
| + | *[[Louping Ill|Louping Ill Virus]] |
| + | *Murray Valley Virus |
| + | *Powassan virus |
| + | *St. Louis Encephalitis Virus |
| + | *[[West Nile Virus|West Nile Virus (WNV) **]] |
| + | Family [[:Category:Paramyxoviridae|Paramyxoviridae]], Genus ''Henipavirus'' |
| + | *[[Nipah Virus]] |
| + | Family [[:Category:Rhabdoviridae|Rhabdoviridae]], Genus ''Lyssavirus'' |
| + | *[[Rabies]] Virus |
| + | Family [[:Category:Reoviridae|Reoviridae]], Genus ''Orbivirus'' |
| + | *Equine Encephalosis Virus |
| + | [[:Category:Togaviridae|Family Togaviridae]], Genus [[Equine Encephalitis Virus|''Alphavirus'']] |
| + | *Aura Virus |
| + | *Eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEV) ** |
| + | *Western EEV ** |
| + | *Venezuelan EEV ** |
| + | *Highlands J Virus |
| + | *Getah Virus |
| + | *Semliki Forest Virus |
| + | *Ross River Virus |
| + | *Una Virus |
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− | ====Diagnosis====
| + | Other viruses implicated in equine encephalitis: |
− | Clinical signs. Virus isolation can be performed from blood or spinal fluid
| + | *Maguari Virus<ref>Calisher, C.H, Monath, T.P, Sabattini, M.S, Mitchell, C.J, Lazuick, J.S, Tesh, R.B, Cropp, C.B (1987) A newly recognised vesiculovirus, Calchaqui virus, and subtypes of Melao and Maguari viruses from Argentina, with serologic evidence for infections of humans and horses, ''Am J Trop Med Hyg'', 36:114-119. In: Bertone, J.J (2010) Viral Encephalitis in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), ''Saunders'', Chapter 12.</ref> |
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− | ====Clinical Signs==== | + | ==Legislation== |
− | *Paralysis of the lips
| + | Diseases caused by some of the viruses listed above (**) are subject to The Infectious Diseases of Horses Order 1987. "''The Order, which revoked and replaced earlier legislation, makes these diseases compulsorily notifiable: it gives an inspector powers to declare an infected place where disease is suspected; to carry out a veterinary inquiry, prohibits the movement of horses carcases and other things onto or off the premises and requires cleansing and disinfection''". Council Directive 90/426 describes all cases of equine encephalomyelitis (regardless of cause) as compulsorily notifiable to the EU.<ref>http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/viralenceph/index.htm</ref> |
− | *Drooping eyelids | |
− | *Incoordination | |
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− | ====Laboratory Tests==== | + | {{Learning |
| + | |full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053177514.pdf ''' Update on viral encephalitis, encephalomyelitis and myeloencephalopathy.''' Traub-Dargatz, J.; Eastern States Veterinary Association, Gainesville, USA, Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference. Large animal. Volume 19, Orlando, Florida, USA, 8-12 January, 2005, 2005, pp 274-278, 10 ref.] |
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− | ====Biopsy==== | + | ==References== |
| + | <references/> |
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− | ====Pathology====
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− | ====Treatment====
| + | {{review}} |
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− | ====Prognosis====
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− | Often '''fatal'''
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− | ====Control====
| + | [[Category:Expert_Review]] |
− | Annual '''vaccination'''. Vector control. Human vaccination recommended for vets in endemic areas
| + | [[Category:Neurological Diseases - Horse]] |
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− | ====References====
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− | '''[[Venezuelan Equine Encephalomyelitis (VEE) - Donkey|VEE in Donkeys]]'''
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− | [[Category:Togaviridae]] | |
− | [[Category:Horse]] | |
− | [[Category:To_Do_-_Viruses]]
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− | [[Category:To_Do_-_Nina]]
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