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===Overview===
*Causes erysipelas in pigs and turkeys worldwide
*[[Infectious Arthritis#In Pigs|Arthritis and discospondylitis in pigs]] as well as [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cutaneous lesions]]
*Occasionally causes [[Infectious Arthritis#In Sheep|arthritis in sheep]] and disease in other animals
*Causes erysipeloid, a localised cellulitis in humans
*Found in porcine tonsils - 50% of pigs are thought to be carriers
*Bacteria excreted in faeces and oronasal secretions
*Survive in soil for less than 35 days
*Present on fish
*Causes [[Joints - inflammatory#In Sheep|arthritis in sheep]] and [[Joints - inflammatory#In Pigs|arthritis in pigs]]
===Characteristics===
*Gram-positive, small rod (smooth form) or filamentous (rough form)
*Facultative anaerobe
*Non-motile
*Catalase negative, oxidase negative, coagulase positive
*Grow on nutrient agar; growth enhanced by addition of blood or serum
*Small colonies with incomplete haemolysis in 48 hours
*Hydrogen sulphide formed as black central line in TSI agar
*Growth over wide rangs of temperatures and pH
===Identification and diagnosis===
*Isolates from acute infections produce smooth colonies; 1.5mm diamteter, convex and circular with even edges
*Isolates from chronic infections produce rough colonies; larger, flat and opaque colonieswith irregular edges
*Biochemical tests
*Serotypying according to a heat-stable peptidoglycan extracted from the cell wall
*Virulence testing in lab animals
*PCR for detection of virulent isolates
===Pathogenesis and pathogenicity===
*Route of infection: ingestion from pig faeces
*Entry via tonsils, skin or mucous membranes
*Capsule prevents phagocytosis
*Adhere to endothelial cells
*Produce neurominidase which enhances cell penetration
*Septicaemia with vascular damage
*Swelling of endothelial cells, monocyte adherence to vascular walls and hyaline microthrombus formation
*Bacteria localise in synovia of joints and on heart valves during bacteraemia and cause chronic lesions
*Host immune response to persistent bacterial antigens causes long-term damage to the joints
===[[Swine Erysipelas]]===
===[[Turkey erysipelas]]===
===Sheep infections===
*Non-suppurative polyarthritis of lambs from contamination of navel or tail-docking/castration wounds
*Cellulitis and laminitis in older lambs and ewes causing post-dipping lameness - entry through skin abrasions in hoof from contaminated dip
*Valvular endocarditis and pneumonia in ewes reported
**Clinical sighns:
***Cutaneous erysipelas
***Polyarthritis in lambs
***Rarely fatal septicaemia
**Enters via:
***Cuts, abrasions
***Castration or docking wounds
***Haematogenous spread -> subacute or chronic '''fibrinopurulent polyarthritis'''
**Morbidity up tp 50%
**Affects mostly unthrifty lmbs
**Fibrosis and [[Musculoskeletal Terminology - Pathology|osteophyte]] formation in later stages -> persistent lameness
=== Human erysipeloid ===
*Infection through skin wounds from fish and poultry
*Localised cellulitis
*Occasional joint and heart disease after haematogenous spread if untreated
[[Category:Bacteria_miscellaneous]] [[Category:Gram_positive_bacteria]] [[Category:Rods]] [[Category:Sheep_Bacteria]] [[Category:Pig_Bacteria]] [[Category:Avian Bacteria]] [[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]][[Category:To Do - Major]]