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Feline Infectious Peritonitis (view source)
Revision as of 09:46, 19 January 2016
, 09:46, 19 January 2016→Prognosis
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Also known as: '''''FIP'''
Also known as: '''''FIP'''
==Description==
==Introduction==
A progressive disease of the cat caused by feline [[Coronaviridae|coronavirus]]. FIP arises from a mutation of '''Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECoV)''' in 5-10% of chronically infected cats and not directly from cat to cat. Two forms of the disease exist the '''wet''' or '''exudative form''' and the '''dry''' or '''non exudative form'''.
A progressive disease of the cat caused by feline [[Coronaviridae|coronavirus]]. FIP arises from a mutation of '''Feline Enteric Coronavirus (FECoV)''' in 5-10% of chronically infected cats and not directly from cat to cat. Two forms of the disease exist the '''wet''' or '''exudative form''' and the '''dry''' or '''non exudative form'''.
==History and Clinical signs==
==History and Clinical signs==
FECoV may cause mild respiratory symptoms and diarrhoea but is often asymptomatic.
FECoV may cause mild respiratory signs and diarrhoea but is often asymptomatic.
Signs of FIP include, chronic weight loss, anorexia, pyrexia, depression, fever and [[Vasculitis|vasculitis]].
Signs of FIP include, chronic weight loss, anorexia, pyrexia, depression, fever and [[Vasculitis|vasculitis]].
Granulomatous change in the organs are symptomatic of dry FIP.
Granulomatous change in the organs are symptomatic of dry FIP.
FIP has also been documented to cause:
FIP has also been documented to cause:
Uveitis, [[Congenital and Neonatal Disease - Pathology #Hydrocephalus| hydrocephalus]], neurological symptoms, such as ataxia or [[CNS Seizures - Pathology|seizures]] and chronic [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]].
Uveitis, [[Congenital and Neonatal Disease - Pathology #Hydrocephalus| hydrocephalus]], neurological symptoms, such as ataxia or [[Seizures|seizures]] and chronic [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]].
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Weeks, months or years may intervene between localized primary FECoV infection and FIP development. FECoV replicates in the gut, but FIP spreads systemically in the circulation. FIP then gains the ability to replicate in [[Monocytes|monocytes]] and macrophages.
Weeks, months or years may intervene between localized primary FECoV infection and FIP development. FECoV replicates in the gut, but FIP spreads systemically in the circulation. FIP then gains the ability to replicate in [[Monocytes|monocytes]] and macrophages.
Failure of the [[:Category:Adaptive Immune System|immune system]] to clear antibody-antigen complexes leads to immune-mediated disease and deposited complexes cause [[Inflammation - Pathology|inflammation]] and exudation. This leads to characteristic [[Oedema - Pathology| oedema]] as fibrin-rich serum escapes to intercellular spaces.
Failure of the [[:Category:Adaptive Immune System|immune system]] to clear antibody-antigen complexes leads to immune-mediated disease and deposited complexes cause [[Inflammation - Pathology|inflammation]] and exudation. This leads to characteristic [[Oedema| oedema]] as fibrin-rich serum escapes to intercellular spaces.
Pyogranulomas reactions can develop in major organs as a result of the immune response and the body's failure to clear away excess [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]].
Pyogranulomas reactions can develop in major organs as a result of the immune response and the body's failure to clear away excess [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]].
'''Dry form'''
'''Dry form'''
Larger, grey granulomatous masses causing thickening of the wall of the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small]] and [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]].
Larger, grey granulomatous masses are found in abdominal organs, including the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small]] and [[Large Intestine - Anatomy & Physiology|large intestine]], kidneys, liver and mesenteric lymph nodes. CNS and ocular involvement occurs in up to 60% of cases, with granulomas causing the clinical signs.
====Histological====
====Histological====
Multifocal pyogranulomas on serosa and throughout gut wall. Infiltration by mononuclear cells, [[Lymphocytes - Introduction|lymphocytes]], plasma cells, [[Macrophages| macrophages]] and a few[[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]. [[Necrosis - Pathology|Necrosis]] and vasculitis will also be seen.
Multifocal pyogranulomas on serosa and throughout gut wall. Infiltration by mononuclear cells, [[Lymphocytes - Introduction|lymphocytes]], plasma cells, [[Macrophages| macrophages]] and a few [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]]. [[Necrosis - Pathology|Necrosis]] and vasculitis will also be seen.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
Antibody tests are available to certify FECoV-free cat houses.
Antibody tests are available to certify FECoV-free cat houses.
Recommendations for control and prevention include:
:keeping cats in small stable groups
:good litter tray hygiene to prevent faeco-oral transmission
:reducing stress and minimising concurrent diseases
:avoid breeding from cats that previously produced kittens that succumbed to FIP.
Eliminating FIP from a cattery that has had a case is difficult, but involves closing the cattery to new arrivals and restricting movement within the buildlings. Attempts to produce FCoV-free kittens from an FCoV positive queen can be made through isolation of the queen and kittens combined with early weaning of the kittens at 5-6 weeks of age. But there is a high risk that poorly socialised kittens are produced.
Even once the cattery is free from FCoV, the long-term maintenance of this is any multicat household is extremely difficult.
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Very poor.
Very poor.
==Literature Search==
{{Learning
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
|flashcards = [[Small Animal Abdominal and Metabolic Disorders Q&A 13]]<br>[[Feline Medicine Q&A 16]]<br>[[Feline Medicine Q&A 22]]
|literature search =[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Feline+Infectious+Peritonitis%22%29+OR+title%3A%28FIP%29+AND+od%3A%28cats%29 Feline Infectious Peritonitis publications]
|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/felis/Content/Disease/dis60142 Feline infectious peritonitis]
}}
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Feline+Infectious+Peritonitis%22%29+OR+title%3A%28FIP%29+AND+od%3A%28cats%29 Feline Infectious Peritonitis publications]
==References==
==References==
Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine''' (Fourth Edition) ''Mosby Elsevier''
Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine''' (Fourth Edition) ''Mosby Elsevier''
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[[Category:Coronaviridae]][[Category:Cat Viruses]]
[[Category:Coronaviridae]][[Category:Cat Viruses]]
[[Category:Hepatitis,_Viral]]
[[Category:Hepatitis,_Viral]]
[[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Expert_Review - Small Animal]]
[[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]
[[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haemopoietic Diseases]]