Forelimb - Anatomy & Physiology

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Common structures of the Proximal Forelimb and Shoulder

• Scapula
• Clavicle
• Humerus

Joints of the Proximal Forelimb

• Shoulder Joint
• Elbow Joint

Common Structures of the Distal Forelimb

While in the human the radius and ulna are separated by an interosseus space and articulate only at their extremities, allowing for significant capability of supination and pronation, these movements are much more limited in domestic animals due to the gradual fusing of the two bones. The extreme case is exhibited by the horse.

• Radius
• Ulna
• Carpal bones
• Metacarpals

Joints of the Distal Forelimb

• Carpal Joint
• Metacarpal Joint

Muscles of the Forelimb

• Extrinsic Musculature
• Deep Musculature
• Muscles of the Elbow
• Muscles of Supination and Pronation
• Muscles of the Carpal and Digital Joints

Species Specifics

• Canine Forelimb
• Equine Forelimb
• Bovine Forelimb