Changes

==Investigation==

==Investigation==

'''Frustration occurs when an anticipated event does not happen or fails to meet the individual’s expectations'''. For example when the owner fails to provide food on demand, or will not let a cat outside, or a person tries to walk away from a cat when it expects a social interaction to continue. Often the aggression is not an isolated behaviour and the cat also displays '''other frustration-related behaviours''', such as excessive vocalisation or [[Indoor Marking - Cat|indoor marking]] in situations where it appears to be thwarted by circumstance. Frustration-related aggression may be made worse if motivation is abnormally increased by illness. For example, in cats that are suffering from polyphagia due to [[Hyperthyroidism|hyperthyroidism]] or [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes mellitus]]. There is also usually a history of hand rearing or a pattern of regular reinforcement of demanding behaviour throughout the cat’s life.

'''Frustration occurs when an anticipated event does not happen or fails to meet the individual’s expectations'''. For example when the owner fails to provide food on demand, or will not let a cat outside, or a person tries to walk away from a cat when it expects a social interaction to continue. Often the aggression is not an isolated behaviour and the cat also displays '''other frustration-related behaviours''', such as excessive vocalisation or [[Indoor Marking - Cat|indoor marking]] in situations where it appears to be thwarted by circumstance. Frustration-related aggression may be made worse if motivation is abnormally increased by illness. For example, in cats that are suffering from polyphagia due to [[Hyperthyroidism|hyperthyroidism]] or [[Diabetes Mellitus|diabetes mellitus]]. There is also usually a history of hand rearing or a pattern of regular reinforcement of demanding behaviour throughout the cat’s life.

==Treatment==

==Treatment==

A fundamental problem for these cats is that access to important resources is controlled by the owner who is often inconsistent. Most cats will not willingly tolerate having to wait for access to food or access to different areas of their territory, but they are able to cope with this frustration. Cats with a low tolerance for frustration may lash out.

A fundamental problem for affected cats is that access to important resources is controlled by the owner, who is often inconsistent. Most cats will not willingly tolerate having to wait for access to food or to gain access to different areas of their territory, but they are able to cope with this frustration. Cats with a low tolerance for frustration may react aggressively.

The first step in treating these cats is to '''reduce human involvement in the provision of the resources and activities''' the cat requires. The cat should be given back control. For example, giving the cat ad-lib food access perhaps using activity or automatic feeders, together with independent indoor-outdoor access. Food may be topped up, but should always be available.

The cat should be given back control over resource access, and the owner should avoid involvement in the provision of the resources and activities the cat requires. For example, the cat should be given ad-lib food access to food, resting and latrine locations, as well as independent indoor-outdoor access. The cat's environment should be enriched so that all behavioural needs are satisfied.

'''Play should be substituted for cuddling''' and other tactile interactions, which may place the cat close to the owner at times when frustration could trigger a dangerous attack. Some cats become frustrated when play ceases abruptly, so all play should involve fishing toys, laser pointers and other devices that distance the owner from the play. Hand and foot movements should be minimised so that play does not become directed onto the owner. If possible, '''play should end with some kind of consummatory act''', such as the toy leading the cat to a pile of favourite food treats. This simulates a normal end to [[Feline Predatory Behaviour|predatory behaviour]]. The owner can then leave the context and put away the toy whilst the cat consumes the food.

Since handling is often a trigger for frustration, '''play should be substituted for tactile interactions''' such as cuddling. Some cats become frustrated when play ceases abruptly, so all play should involve fishing toys, laser pointers and other devices that distance the owner from the play. Hand and foot movements should be minimised so that play does not become directed onto the owner. If possible, '''play should end with some kind of consummatory act''', such as the toy leading the cat to a pile of favourite food treats. This simulates a normal end to [[Feline Predatory Behaviour|predatory behaviour]]. The owner can then leave the context and put away the toy whilst the cat consumes the food.

===Medication===

===Medication===

Although not confirmed by controlled studies, the use of SSRI medication, such as fluoxetine, have anecdotally been found to reduce frustration related aggression in some cases.

Although not confirmed by controlled studies, the use of SSRI medications, such as [[Fluoxetine|fluoxetine]], have anecdotally been found to reduce frustration related aggression in some cases.

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

'''Prognosis depends on the severity''' of the attacks and whether at-risk individuals are present. It is absolutely essential to make a detailed list of individual attacks so that their pattern and severity may be accurately appraised. Cats with frustration-related aggression require '''ongoing management''' and, unless handled appropriately, there will be a risk of biting and clawing in the future. The '''severity of attacks varies hugely''', with some cats inflicting multiple deeply penetrating bite and scratch wounds and others only inflicting minor injuries. The severe attacks can sometimes occur even when the victim is resting or sleeping so that avoidance is impossible. In some instances, the bites may be directed at the face and neck, which increases the risk considerably. However, the character of the attacks is usually quite consistent in each individual case so a prognosis may be provided. If the character of the attacks is predictable and preventable and they are of low intensity, then the prognosis is good. If the attacks are severe, and at-risk individuals (children, elderly, infirm) are involved then the prognosis is poor.

'''Prognosis depends on the severity''' of the attacks and whether at-risk individuals are present. It is absolutely essential to make a detailed list of individual attacks so that their pattern and severity may be properly appraised. Cats with frustration-related aggression require '''ongoing management''' and, unless handled appropriately, there will be a risk of biting and clawing in the future. The '''severity of attacks varies greatly''', with some cats inflicting multiple deeply penetrating bite and scratch wounds and others only inflicting minor injuries. Severe attacks can sometimes occur even when the victim is resting or sleeping so that avoidance is impossible unless the cat is excluded from human contact at certain times. In some instances, the bites may be directed at the face and neck, which increases the risk considerably. However, the character of the attacks is usually quite consistent in each individual case so a prognosis and risk assessment may be provided. If the character of the attacks is predictable and preventable and they are of low intensity, then the prognosis is good. If the attacks are severe, and at-risk individuals (children, elderly, infirm) are involved then the prognosis is poor.

[[Category:To Do - Behaviour References]]  

[[Category:To Do - Behaviour References]]  

[[Category:Feline Problem Behaviour]]

[[Category:Feline Problem Behaviour]]