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*Ingesta appears at the nares in severe cases
 
*Ingesta appears at the nares in severe cases
 
*Gastric reflux  
 
*Gastric reflux  
NB: the time to development of reflux is proportional to the distance to the intestinal segment involved, (e.g. 4 hours with duodenal obstruction(147)).  Furthermore, '''''nasogastric intubation does not preclude the possibility of gastric rupture.<ref name="Todhunter">Todhunter, R.J, Erb, H.N, Roth, L (1986) Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. ''Equine Vet J'', 30:344-348.</ref>'''''
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NB: the time to development of reflux is proportional to the distance to the intestinal segment involved, (e.g. 4 hours with duodenal obstruction<ref>Puotunen-Reinert, A, Huskamp, B (1986) Experimental duodenal obstruction in the horse.  ''Vet Surg'', 15:420-428.  In: </ref>).  Furthermore, '''''nasogastric intubation does not preclude the possibility of gastric rupture.<ref name="Todhunter">Todhunter, R.J, Erb, H.N, Roth, L (1986) Gastric rupture in horses: a review of 54 cases. ''Equine Vet J'', 30:344-348.</ref>'''''
    
'''Gastric rupture''' typically results in:
 
'''Gastric rupture''' typically results in:
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