| *Nonracing performance horses (17% pre-competition, 56% post-competition)<ref>Hartmann, A.M, Frankeny, R.L (2003) A preliminary investigation into the association between competition and gastric ulcer formation in non-racing performance horses. ''J Equine Vet Sci'', 23:560-561. In:Sanchez, L.C (2010) 'Diseases Of The Stomach' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.</ref> | | *Nonracing performance horses (17% pre-competition, 56% post-competition)<ref>Hartmann, A.M, Frankeny, R.L (2003) A preliminary investigation into the association between competition and gastric ulcer formation in non-racing performance horses. ''J Equine Vet Sci'', 23:560-561. In:Sanchez, L.C (2010) 'Diseases Of The Stomach' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.</ref> |
| *Foals ~25-57%<ref>Wilson, J.H (1986) Gastric and duodenal ulcers in foals: a retrospective study. ''Proc Equine Colic Res Symp 2nd:126-128.</ref><ref>Murray, M.J, Grodinsky, C, Cowles, R.R, ''et al.''(1990) Endoscopic evaluation of changes in gastric lesions of Thoroughbred foals. ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 196:1623-1627.</ref><ref>Murray, M.J (1989) Endoscopic appearance of gastric lesions in foals: 94 cases (1987-1988). ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 195:1135-1141.</ref>, the incidence increases dramatically in foals with clinical signs, especially gastrointestinal signs.<ref name="EGUC">The Equine Gastric Ulcer Council (1999) Tutorial Article: Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). ''Equine Vet Educ'', 11(5):262-272.</ref> | | *Foals ~25-57%<ref>Wilson, J.H (1986) Gastric and duodenal ulcers in foals: a retrospective study. ''Proc Equine Colic Res Symp 2nd:126-128.</ref><ref>Murray, M.J, Grodinsky, C, Cowles, R.R, ''et al.''(1990) Endoscopic evaluation of changes in gastric lesions of Thoroughbred foals. ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 196:1623-1627.</ref><ref>Murray, M.J (1989) Endoscopic appearance of gastric lesions in foals: 94 cases (1987-1988). ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 195:1135-1141.</ref>, the incidence increases dramatically in foals with clinical signs, especially gastrointestinal signs.<ref name="EGUC">The Equine Gastric Ulcer Council (1999) Tutorial Article: Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). ''Equine Vet Educ'', 11(5):262-272.</ref> |
− | The prevalence and severity of ulcers increases with work intensity<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial</ref> and duration<ref>Orsini, J.A, Pipers, F.S (1997) Endoscopic evaluation of the relationship between training, racing, and gastric ulcers. ''Vet Surg'', 26:424. In: Orsini, J (2000) ''Tutorial Article'' Gastric ulceration in the mature horse: a review. ''Equine Vet Educ'', 12(1):24-27.</ref><ref>Murray, M.J (1994) Gastric ulcers in adult horses. ''Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet'', 16:792-794. In:Orsini, J (2000) ''Tutorial Article'' Gastric ulceration in the mature horse: a review. ''Equine Vet Educ'', 12(1):24-27.</ref>, thus racehorses in active training are more often affected<ref name="Hammond">Hammond, C.J, Mason, D.K, Watkins, K.L (1986) Gastric ulceration in mature Thoroughbred horses. ''Equine Vet J'', 18(4):284-287.</ref> (Johnson et al. 1994) and in half of these, the lesions are moderate to severe.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial</ref> In one study, all horses developed gastric ulcers within 2 weeks of entering simulated race training.<ref name="Vatistas 2">Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training. ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref> Lesions are thought to be chronically progressive during race training, but to regress during retirement.<ref name="Hammond">Hammond, C.J, Mason, D.K, Watkins, K.L (1986) Gastric ulceration in mature Thoroughbred horses. ''Equine Vet J'', 18(4):284-287.</ref> Horses with signs of gastrointestinal distress also demonstrate an increased frequency and severity of ulcerative lesions.<ref name="EGUC">The Equine Gastric Ulcer Council (1999) Tutorial Article: Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). ''Equine Vet Educ'', 11(5):262-272.</ref>Among show horses, 82% of those with signs of abdominal discomfort had gastric ulcers<ref>Murray, M.J (1992) Gastric ulceration in horses: 91 cases (1987-1990). ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 201:117-120. In: Martineau, H, Thompson, H, Taylor, D (2009) Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. Part 1: Range of lesions present in 21 mature individuals. ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):638-644.</ref> Around 30% of adult horses and about 50% of foals have mild gastric erosions which heal without treatment or clinical signs.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial</ref> In 201 clinically normal horses in Denmark, 53% had EGUS with severity score >2 and older horses were more likely to have lesions in both regions of the stomach<ref>Luthersson, N, Nielsen, K.H, Harris, P, Parkin, T.D (2009) The prevalence and anatomical distribution of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark. ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):619-24.</ref> | + | The prevalence and severity of ulcers increases with work intensity<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial</ref> and duration<ref>Orsini, J.A, Pipers, F.S (1997) Endoscopic evaluation of the relationship between training, racing, and gastric ulcers. ''Vet Surg'', 26:424. In: Orsini, J (2000) ''Tutorial Article'' Gastric ulceration in the mature horse: a review. ''Equine Vet Educ'', 12(1):24-27.</ref><ref>Murray, M.J (1994) Gastric ulcers in adult horses. ''Comp Cont Educ Pract Vet'', 16:792-794. In:Orsini, J (2000) ''Tutorial Article'' Gastric ulceration in the mature horse: a review. ''Equine Vet Educ'', 12(1):24-27.</ref>, thus racehorses in active training are more often affected<ref name="Hammond">Hammond, C.J, Mason, D.K, Watkins, K.L (1986) Gastric ulceration in mature Thoroughbred horses. ''Equine Vet J'', 18(4):284-287.</ref> and in half of these, the lesions are moderate to severe.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial</ref> In one study, all horses developed gastric ulcers within 2 weeks of entering simulated race training.<ref name="Vatistas 2">Vatistas, N.J, Sifferman, R.L, Holste, J, Cox, J.L, Pinalto, G, Schultz, K.T (1999) Induction and maintenance of gastric ulceration in horses in simulated race training. ''Equine Vet J Suppl'', 29:40-44</ref> Lesions are thought to be chronically progressive during race training, but to regress during retirement.<ref name="Hammond">Hammond, C.J, Mason, D.K, Watkins, K.L (1986) Gastric ulceration in mature Thoroughbred horses. ''Equine Vet J'', 18(4):284-287.</ref> Horses with signs of gastrointestinal distress also demonstrate an increased frequency and severity of ulcerative lesions.<ref name="EGUC">The Equine Gastric Ulcer Council (1999) Tutorial Article: Recommendations for the diagnosis and treatment of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS). ''Equine Vet Educ'', 11(5):262-272.</ref>EGUS prevalence is high in horses with bowel, liver and oesophageal lesions.<ref name="Sandin">Sandin, A, Skidell, J, Haggstrom, J, Nilsson, G (2000) ''Postmortem'' findings of gastric ulcers in Swedish horses older than age one year: a retrospective study of 3715 horses (1924–1996). ''Equine Vet J'', 32(1):36-42.</ref> Among show horses, 82% of those with signs of abdominal discomfort had gastric ulcers<ref>Murray, M. (1992) Gastric ulceration in horses: 91 cases (1987-1990). ''J Am Vet Med Assoc'', 201:117-120. In: Martineau, H, Thompson, H, Taylor, D (2009) Pathology of gastritis and gastric ulceration in the horse. Part 1: Range of lesions present in 21 mature individuals. ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):638-644.</ref> Around 30% of adult horses and about 50% of foals have mild gastric erosions which heal without treatment or clinical signs.<ref name="Merck">Merck & Co (2008) The Merck Veterinary Manual (Eighth Edition), Merial</ref> In 201 clinically normal horses in Denmark, 53% had EGUS with severity score >2 and older horses were more likely to have lesions in both regions of the stomach<ref>Luthersson, N, Nielsen, K.H, Harris, P, Parkin, T.D (2009) The prevalence and anatomical distribution of equine gastric ulcer syndrome (EGUS) in 201 horses in Denmark. ''Equine Vet J'', 41(7):619-24.</ref> |
− | EGUS develops in horses of all ages<ref name="Sanchez">Sanchez, L.C (2010) 'Diseases Of The Stomach' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.</ref> but is most common in young horses in training and foals. Gastric ulceration is considered to be rare in horses at pasture.<ref>Murray, M.J (1994) Characteristics of gastric ulcer pathophysiology. ''Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med'', 12:610-612. In: Sandin, A, Skidell, J, Haggstrom, J, Nilsson, G (2000) ''Postmortem'' findings of gastric ulcers in Swedish horses older than age one year: a retrospective study of 3715 | + | EGUS develops in horses of all ages<ref name="Sanchez">Sanchez, L.C (2010) 'Diseases Of The Stomach' in Reed, S.M, Bayly, W.M. and Sellon, D.C (2010) '''Equine Internal Medicine''' (Third Edition), Saunders, Chapter 15.</ref> but is most common in young horses in training and foals. Gastric ulceration is considered to be rare in horses at pasture.<ref>Murray, M.J (1994) Characteristics of gastric ulcer pathophysiology. ''Proc Am Coll Vet Intern Med'', 12:610-612. In: Sandin, A, Skidell, J, Haggstrom, J, Nilsson, G (2000) ''Postmortem'' findings of gastric ulcers in Swedish horses older than age one year: a retrospective study of 3715 horses (1924–1996). ''Equine Vet J'', 32(1):36-42.</ref> |