Changes

===NSAIDs===

===NSAIDs===

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs: phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine) have been shown to cause gastric ulcers in horses. This is usually related to the use of a high dose or frequent administration of NSAIDs; however, therapeutic doses have been known to cause ulcers in horses. Recently, a study was conducted comparing the ulcerogenic effects of an orally administered prophenylbutazone drug, suxibuzone, to phenylbutazone (Monreal et al. 2004). Horses treated with phenylbutazone had more ulcerated areas and deeper ulcers than those in the suxibuzone treated or placebo groups. The authors concluded that suxibuzone causes significantly less ulcerogenic effects than phenylbutazone when administered orally at equimolar doses in horses. However, a more recent study in horses given suxibuzone or phenylbutazone at therapeutic doses for 14 days showed no significant difference in gastric ulcer scores when compared to each other and control horses receiving no treatment (Andrews et al. 2009). Thus, therapeutic doses of these NSAIDs did not lead to gastric ulcers more than what was observed in the untreated control group.

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs: phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine) have been shown to cause gastric ulcers in horses. This is usually related to the use of a high dose or frequent administration of NSAIDs; however, therapeutic doses have been known to cause ulcers in horses. The authors concluded that suxibuzone causes significantly less ulcerogenic effects than phenylbutazone when administered orally at equimolar doses in horses.(Monreal et al. 2004). Therapeutic doses of PBZ abd suxibuzone did not lead to gastric ulcers more than what was observed in the untreated control group.(Andrews et al. 2009).  

Another study evaluated the use of a combination of NSAIDs and gastric ulcers in horses. Phenylbutazone (2.2 mg/kg bwt per os, q. 12 h, for 5 days) or phenylbutazone (same dose) and flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg bwt, i.v., q. 12 h, for 5 days) were administered to adult horses (Reed et al. 2006). In this study, total plasma protein and albumin decreased in NSAID treated horses and nonglandular gastric ulcer scores were significantly higher in horses treated with the 2 NSAID drugs. Thus, NSAIDs and a combination NSAID treatment should be approached with caution in horses.

Nonglandular gastric ulcer scores were significantly higher in horses treated with a combo of PBZ and flunixin meglumine than PBZ alone.(Reed et al. 2006). Thus, NSAIDs and a combination NSAID treatment should be approached with caution in horses.

 

Vet Ther. 2009 Fall;10(3):113-20.

Vet Ther. 2009 Fall;10(3):113-20.

Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses.

Effects of top-dress formulations of suxibuzone and phenylbutazone on development of gastric ulcers in horses. Andrews FM, Reinemeyer CR, Longhofer SL. These findings suggest that when administered at the recommended label dose for 15 days, neither PBZ nor SBZ causes an increase in the number or severity of gastric ulcers over what would be expected with traditional stabling and intermittent feeding patterns. Also, PBZ-treated horses did not have more severe gastric ulcers than SBZ-treated horses, indicating that SBZ does not appear to offer an advantage over PBZ in preventing gastric ulcers when used at recommended label doses.  

Andrews FM, Reinemeyer CR, Longhofer SL.

These findings suggest that when administered at the recommended label dose for 15 days, neither PBZ nor SBZ causes an increase in the number or severity of gastric ulcers over what would be expected with traditional stabling and intermittent feeding patterns. Also, PBZ-treated horses did not have more severe gastric ulcers than SBZ-treated horses, indicating that SBZ does not appear to offer an advantage over PBZ in preventing gastric ulcers when used at recommended label doses. However, ulcers in other regions of the gastrointestinal tract (e.g., right dorsal colon, duodenum) were not evaluated in horses in this study.

Administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been proven to cause ulcers in the glandular portion of the stomach (MacAllister et al. 1993), but in studies where primarily the squamous mucosa were studied, the same association was not evident (Hammond et al. 1986; Murray et al. 1989, 1996; McClure et al. 1999; Vatistas et al. 1999a; Rabuffo et al. 2002). (Jonssen 2006)

Administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) has been proven to cause ulcers in the glandular portion of the stomach (MacAllister et al. 1993), but in studies where primarily the squamous mucosa were studied, the same association was not evident (Hammond et al. 1986; Murray et al. 1989, 1996; McClure et al. 1999; Vatistas et al. 1999a; Rabuffo et al. 2002). (Jonssen 2006)

However, ulcers had healed in the majority of animals which were examined endoscopically 7 days following the final period of fasting (Murray 1994). Spontaneous resolution of ulcers is uncommon clinically in horses maintained in active training. Models have also used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) to produce ulcers in ponies (Jones 1983; MacAllister and Sangiah 1993). Ulcers induced by the administration of NSAIDs may have a dissimilar endoscopic appearance to naturally occurring ulcers (D.R. Thompson, personal communication) and gastric ulceration in horses in race training is rarely associated with the administration of NSAIDs (Vatistas et al. 3994b; Murray et al. 1996; Vatistas 1998). In addition, ulcers caused by NSAID administration frequently affected the glandular mucosa (Furr and Murray 1989; Kuinaran and Bhuvanakumar 1994) and tended to heal spontaneously (Jones 1983; MacAllister and Sangiah 1993). both of which occunences are infrequent in the clinical setting (Vatistas and Snyder 1997; Vatistas 1998). Spontaneous healing of ulcers, following induction of ulceration by either fasting or NSAID administration, precludes the evaluation of anti-ulcer medication.(Vatistas 2 1999)

Models have also used nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDs) to produce ulcers in ponies (Jones 1983; MacAllister and Sangiah 1993). Ulcers induced by the administration of NSAIDs may have a dissimilar endoscopic appearance to naturally occurring ulcers (D.R. Thompson, personal communication) and gastric ulceration in horses in race training is rarely associated with the administration of NSAIDs (Vatistas et al. 3994b; Murray et al. 1996; Vatistas 1998). In addition, ulcers caused by NSAID administration frequently affected the glandular mucosa (Furr and Murray 1989; Kuinaran and Bhuvanakumar 1994) and tended to heal spontaneously (Jones 1983; MacAllister and Sangiah 1993). both of which occunences are infrequent in the clinical setting (Vatistas and Snyder 1997; Vatistas 1998). (Vatistas 2 1999)

===Temperament===

===Temperament===