Changes

*'''Hydrochloric acid''' compromises the outer cell barrier of the squamous epithelium.  It then diffuses into the cells of the ''stratum spinosum'', inhibiting cellular sodium transport and causing cell swelling, necrosis and eventual ulceration.<ref>Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M, Patton, C.S, Argenzio, R.A, Mathew, A.G, Saxton, A.M (2003) Effects of hydrochloric, acetic, butyric, and proprionic acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.  ''Am J Vet Res'',64:404-412.</ref><ref>Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M, Patton, C.S, Argenzio, R.A, Mathew, A.G, Saxton, A.M (2003) Effects of hydrochloric, valeric, and other volatile fatty acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 64:413-417.</ref>

*'''Hydrochloric acid''' compromises the outer cell barrier of the squamous epithelium.  It then diffuses into the cells of the ''stratum spinosum'', inhibiting cellular sodium transport and causing cell swelling, necrosis and eventual ulceration.<ref>Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M, Patton, C.S, Argenzio, R.A, Mathew, A.G, Saxton, A.M (2003) Effects of hydrochloric, acetic, butyric, and proprionic acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.  ''Am J Vet Res'',64:404-412.</ref><ref>Nadeau, J.A, Andrews, F.M, Patton, C.S, Argenzio, R.A, Mathew, A.G, Saxton, A.M (2003) Effects of hydrochloric, valeric, and other volatile fatty acids on pathogenesis of ulcers in the nonglandular portion of the stomach of horses.  ''Am J Vet Res'', 64:413-417.</ref>

*'''VFAs''': acetic, prop

*'''VFAs''': acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids are lipid soluble, which enables them to readily diffuse into the stratum spinosum and immediately cause the damage as described above.

 

*'''Lactic acid''': has been shown to increase the permeability of the squamous mucosa.<ref>Andrews,m

 

 

 

 

Andrews, F.M., Buchanan, B.R., Elliott, S.B., Al Jassim, R.A.M., McGowan, C.M. and

Saxton, A.M. (2008) In vitro effects of hydrochloric and lactic acids on bioelectric

Whereas, VFAs (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids),

properties of equine gastric squamous mucosa. Equine vet. J. 40, 301-305.

because of their lipid solubility, induce damage by rapidly diffusing

into the squamous mucosal cells of the stratum spinosum layer and

immediately inhibit sodium transport which results in cell swelling

and ulceration. Furthermore, in vitro experiments clearly show that

Lactic acid has a similar chemical structure to VFAs. However,

when lactic acid was exposed to the nonglandular mucosa it did not

affect sodium transport as with VFAs. Instead lactic acid (pH 1.5

pH, dose and time dependent man

Lactic acid has a similar chemical structure to VFAs. However,

affect sodium transport as with VFAs. Instead lactic acid (pH 1.5

tissue permeability, as indicated

Whereas, VFAs (acetic, propionic, butyric and valeric acids),

because of their lipid solubility, induce damage by rapidly diffusing

into the squamous mucosal cells of the stratum spinosum layer and

and ulceration. Furthermore, in vitro experiments clearly show that

squamous mucosal cells are susceptible to HCl and VFA injury in

Lactic acid has a similar chemical structure to VFAs. However,

affect sodium transport as with VFAs. Instead lactic acid (pH 1.5

and 40 mmol/l) exposed to the nonglandular mucosa increased

tissue permeability, as indicated

====Extrinsic ulcerogenic factors====

====Extrinsic ulcerogenic factors====