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General Pathology
Contents
1
Introduction
1.1
Lesions
1.1.1
Decription of Lesions
1.2
Disease
1.2.1
Definition and Type
1.2.2
Factors Involved in the Development of Disease
1.2.3
Types of Agents Causing Disease
1.2.4
Aspects of Disease
1.2.5
Post Mortem Examination
1.2.6
Techniques Involved in Pathological Examination
2
Degenerations and Infiltrations
2.1
Cellular Swelling
2.2
Hydropic Degeneration
2.3
Cellular Faty Change
2.4
Mucoid Degeneration
2.5
Hyaline Degeneration
2.5.1
Fibrinoid Degeneration
2.5.2
Amyloidosis
2.6
Glycogen Infiltration
2.7
Cellular Inclusions
3
Necrosis
3.1
Causes of Necrosis
3.2
Gross and Histological Features of Necrotic Lesions
3.2.1
Coagulation Necrosis
3.2.2
Liquefactive Necrosis
3.2.3
Caseation Necrosis
3.3
Sequel to Necrosis
3.3.1
Fat Necrosis
3.3.2
Gangrene
4
Post Mortem Change
4.1
Types of Post Mortem Change
4.1.1
Rigor Mortis
4.1.2
Post Mortem Clotting of Blood
4.1.3
Hypostatic Congestion
4.1.4
Post Mortem Imbibition of Blood
4.1.5
Inbibition of Bile Pigment
4.1.6
Gaseous Distenstion of the Alimentary Tract
4.1.7
Autolysis
4.1.8
Putrefaction
5
Pigmentation and Calcification
5.1
Exogenous Pigmentation
5.1.1
Carbon (Anthracosis)
5.1.2
Pneumoconiosis
5.1.3
Carotenoids
5.2
Endogenous Pigmentation
5.2.1
Melanin
5.2.2
Blood Pigments
5.2.2.1
Haemoglobin
5.2.2.2
Haemosiderin
5.2.2.3
Haematin
5.2.2.4
Jaundice
5.2.2.5
Haematoidin
5.2.2.6
Porphyria
5.2.3
Lipofuscin
5.3
Mineralisation
5.3.1
Calcification
5.3.1.1
Dystrophic
5.3.1.2
Metastatic (Hypercalcaemia)
6
Circulatory Disorders
6.1
Introduction=
6.1.1
Venous Congestion and Hyperaemia
6.1.2
Oedema
6.1.3
Dehydration
6.1.4
Shock
6.1.5
Haemorrhage
6.1.5.1
Rhexis
6.1.5.2
Diapedesis
6.1.6
Haemostasis
6.1.7
Thrombus
6.1.7.1
Causes
6.1.7.2
Evolution
6.1.7.3
Embolism
6.1.7.4
Post Mortem Clots
6.1.8
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
7
Inflammation
7.1
Cardinal Signs
7.2
Causes
7.3
Acute
7.3.1
Introduction
7.3.2
Sequence of Events
7.3.3
Fluids
7.3.3.1
Serous
7.3.3.2
Catarrhal
7.3.3.3
Fibrinous
7.3.3.4
Diptheritic
7.3.3.5
Haemorrhagic
7.3.3.6
Purulent
7.3.3.7
Functions of Exudate
7.3.3.8
Sequel to Exudation
7.3.4
Cells
7.3.4.1
Neutrophils
7.3.4.2
Eosinophils
7.3.4.3
Mast Cells
7.3.4.4
Basophils
7.4
Chronic
7.4.1
Introduction
7.4.2
Cells
7.4.2.1
Macrophages
7.4.2.2
Lymphocytes
7.4.3
Types
7.4.3.1
Granulomatous Inflammation
7.4.3.2
Granulation Tissue
7.4.3.3
Lymphocytic Inflammation
7.5
Changes in Inflammatory Cells Circulating in Blood
7.5.1
Neutrophilia
7.5.2
Neutopenia
7.5.3
Eosinophilia
7.5.4
Eosinopenia
7.5.5
Lymphocytosis
7.5.6
Lymphopenia
7.5.7
Plasma Cells
7.5.8
Monocytosis
7.6
Role of The Lymph Node in Inflammation
7.7
Healing and Repair
7.7.1
Introduction
7.7.2
Repair
7.7.2.1
Regeneration
7.7.2.2
Replacement
7.7.3
In Particular Tissues
7.7.3.1
Skin
7.7.3.1.1
First Intention
7.7.3.1.2
Second Intention
7.7.3.2
Bones
7.7.3.3
Respiratory Tract
7.7.3.4
Alimentary Tract
7.7.3.5
Urinary Tract
7.7.3.6
Genital Tract
7.7.3.7
Central Nervous System
8
Growth Disorders
8.1
Congenital
8.1.1
Causes
8.1.2
Malformations
8.1.2.1
Cyclops
8.1.2.2
Bulldog Calf
8.1.2.3
Cleft Palate
8.1.2.4
Cystic Kidney
8.1.2.5
Spina Bifida
8.1.2.6
Hydrocephalus
8.1.2.7
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
8.1.2.8
Skeletal Malformations
8.1.2.9
Skin Defects
8.1.2.10
Muscular Defects
8.1.2.11
Cardiac Defects
8.1.2.12
Sexual Organ Malformation
8.1.2.13
Metabolic Diseases
8.2
Growth Disorders During Life
8.2.1
Atrophy
8.2.2
Hypertrophy
Introduction
Lesions
Decription of Lesions
Disease
Definition and Type
Factors Involved in the Development of Disease
Types of Agents Causing Disease
Aspects of Disease
Post Mortem Examination
Techniques Involved in Pathological Examination
Degenerations and Infiltrations
Cellular Swelling
Hydropic Degeneration
Cellular Faty Change
Mucoid Degeneration
Hyaline Degeneration
Fibrinoid Degeneration
Amyloidosis
Glycogen Infiltration
Cellular Inclusions
Necrosis
Causes of Necrosis
Gross and Histological Features of Necrotic Lesions
Coagulation Necrosis
Liquefactive Necrosis
Caseation Necrosis
Sequel to Necrosis
Fat Necrosis
Gangrene
Post Mortem Change
Types of Post Mortem Change
Rigor Mortis
Post Mortem Clotting of Blood
Hypostatic Congestion
Post Mortem Imbibition of Blood
Inbibition of Bile Pigment
Gaseous Distenstion of the Alimentary Tract
Autolysis
Putrefaction
Pigmentation and Calcification
Exogenous Pigmentation
Carbon (Anthracosis)
Pneumoconiosis
Carotenoids
Endogenous Pigmentation
Melanin
Blood Pigments
Haemoglobin
Haemosiderin
Haematin
Jaundice
Haematoidin
Porphyria
Lipofuscin
Mineralisation
Calcification
Dystrophic
Metastatic (Hypercalcaemia)
Circulatory Disorders
Introduction=
Venous Congestion and Hyperaemia
Oedema
Dehydration
Shock
Haemorrhage
Rhexis
Diapedesis
Haemostasis
Thrombus
Causes
Evolution
Embolism
Post Mortem Clots
Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation
Inflammation
Cardinal Signs
Causes
Acute
Introduction
Sequence of Events
Fluids
Serous
Catarrhal
Fibrinous
Diptheritic
Haemorrhagic
Purulent
Functions of Exudate
Sequel to Exudation
Cells
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mast Cells
Basophils
Chronic
Introduction
Cells
Macrophages
Lymphocytes
Types
Granulomatous Inflammation
Granulation Tissue
Lymphocytic Inflammation
Changes in Inflammatory Cells Circulating in Blood
Neutrophilia
Neutopenia
Eosinophilia
Eosinopenia
Lymphocytosis
Lymphopenia
Plasma Cells
Monocytosis
Role of The Lymph Node in Inflammation
Healing and Repair
Introduction
Repair
Regeneration
Replacement
In Particular Tissues
Skin
First Intention
Second Intention
Bones
Respiratory Tract
Alimentary Tract
Urinary Tract
Genital Tract
Central Nervous System
Growth Disorders
Congenital
Causes
Malformations
Cyclops
Bulldog Calf
Cleft Palate
Cystic Kidney
Spina Bifida
Hydrocephalus
Cerebellar Hypoplasia
Skeletal Malformations
Skin Defects
Muscular Defects
Cardiac Defects
Sexual Organ Malformation
Metabolic Diseases
Growth Disorders During Life
Atrophy
Hypertrophy