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==Introduction==
A highly malignant tumour of vascular endothelial origin. Commonly affect dogs and the most frequently affected areas are the spleen, pericardium, right atrium, liver and muscle. The cat is affected less frequently and the most common sites are the liver, spleen and mesentry. Metastasis occurs via the haematogenous route or via rupture and transabdominal spread. Metastatic sites include, lungs, liver, omentum, diaphragm and less commonly brain. Surgery is the treatment of choice but even with this survival time remains very short.
==Description==
A highly malignant tumour of vascular endothelial origin. They commonly affect dogs and the most frequently affected areas are the spleen, pericardium, right atrium, liver and muscle. The origin of '''abdominal haemangiosarcoma''' is often from the spleen.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Often found in older German Shepherd Dogs and Golden Retrievers
Often found in German Shepherd Dogs and Golden Retrievers over 9 years of age. Domestic Short haired cats are the most commonly affected cat breed.
==History and Clinical Signs==
Can vary depending on the anatomic site that the mass is affecting.
Signs such as anorexia, lethargy, weakness, [[vomiting]] and [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|anaemia]] are common.
Animals may have history of multiple episodes of collapse following repeated rupture of an abdominal mass, leading to non-fatal haemoabdomen. Occasionally can be found dead following catastrophic rupture and fatal haemoabdmen.
In instances where the heart (right auricle) is involved, animals may die suddenly or present in [[:Category:heart Failure|heart failure]]. Rupture of the mass and haemorrhage into the pericardial sac leads to compression of the heart, which can no longer fill with blood during diastole ([[Cardiac Tamponade|cardiac tamponade]]).
If the nervous system is involved a range of neurological abnormalities will also be present.
==Laboratory Tests==
====Haematology====
====Haematology====
Anaemia; may be regenerative if due to blood loss, or microangiopathic due to the passage of red blood cells through the microvascular network of the tumour
Anaemia will be evident which may be [[Regenerative and Non-Regenerative Anaemias|regenerative]] if due to blood loss, or microangiopathic due to the passage of [[erythrocytes|red blood cells]] through the microvascular network of the tumour.
This results in the presence of schistocytes in dogs but not cats.
A [[Neutrophilia|neutrophilia]] and [[Platelet Abnormalities#Thrombocytopaenia|thrombocytopenia]] may also be present.
This is sensitive in indentifying liver and splenic masses.
==Diagnostic Imaging==
===Radiography===
Useful to look for evidence of metastasis.
===Histopathology===
===Ultrasonography===
This is sensitive in identifying liver and splenic masses where the spleen will show a mixed or non-homogenoeous pattern and the liver will look hypoechoic or anechoic. It can also be useful to detect metastatic spread.
==Biopsy==
The only way to to form a definitive diagnosis is following a biopsy and histopathology. This is needed to differentiate haemangiosarcoma from splenic haematoma, haemangioma and accessory splenic tissue.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
===Surgery===
===Surgery===
Surgery is the treatment of choice for haemangiosarcoma in the dog and cat. All diseased tissue should be removed and splenic haemangiosarcoma should be treated via splenectomy. Local removal is difficult if the pericardium and right atrium is involved. A pericardectomy can be undertaken but the prognosis with tumours at this location is grave.
===Chemotherapy===
===Chemotherapy===
This will provide a palliative treatment for animals with multiple masses or as an adjuvant therapy post-operatively.
This will provide a palliative treatment for animals with multiple masses or as an adjuvant therapy post-operatively.
Doxorubicin based products are the most commonly used drugs for haemangiosarcomas.
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Poor due to high risk of metastasis in the early course of the disease.
Poor due to high risk of metastasis in the early course of the disease.
{{Learning
|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Disease/dis01993.asp Haemangiosarcoma]
|flashcards = [[Liver_Flashcards_-_Pathology|Liver Pathology Flashcards]]
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Haemangiosarcoma&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&x=55&y=10&publishedstart=yyyy&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all Haemangiosarcoma]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2010/20103181324.pdf ''' A review and what's new in canine hemangiosarcoma.''' Garrett, L. D.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 16-20 January 2010, 2010, pp 956-959]
}}
==References==
==References==
{{review}}
[[Category:Liver,_Primary_Tumours]]
{{OpenPages}}
[[Category:Liver,_Primary_Tumours]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiac Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Lymphoreticular and Haematopoietic Diseases - Cat]][[Category:Peritoneal Cavity Diseases - Cat]]
[[Category:Peritoneal_Cavity_-_Neoplastic_Pathology]]
[[Category:Peritoneal_Cavity_-_Neoplastic_Pathology]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]][[Category:Splenic Neoplasia]]
[[Category:Neoplasia]][[Category:Splenic Neoplasia]]
[[Category:To Do - Caz]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Cardiology Section]]