Changes

'''Volume overload ''': Chronic increase in the amount of blood that must be pumped by a given chamber, due to shunting of blood ([[Patent Ductus Arteriosus|PDA]], [[Ventricular Septal Defect|VSD]]), regurgitation of blood ([[Endocardiosis| Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease]]), anaemia or increased metabolic demands ([[Hyperthyroidism]]).  

'''Volume overload ''': Chronic increase in the amount of blood that must be pumped by a given chamber, due to shunting of blood ([[Patent Ductus Arteriosus|PDA]], [[Ventricular Septal Defect|VSD]]), regurgitation of blood ([[Endocardiosis| Degenerative Mitral Valve Disease]]), anaemia or increased metabolic demands ([[Hyperthyroidism]]).  

'''Pressure overload ''': Increased resistance to chamber emptying. This may be as a result of systemic or pulmonary hypertension, or an outflow obstruction such as [[Aortic Stenosis]] or[[Pulmonic Stenosis]].   

'''Pressure overload ''': Increased resistance to chamber emptying. This may be as a result of systemic or pulmonary hypertension, or an outflow obstruction such as [[Aortic Stenosis]] or [[Pulmonic Stenosis]].   

'''Abnormal rate/rhythm ''': Compromised cardiac output due to an increased or decreased heart rate. Abnormally fast heart rates (tachycardias) result a shorter diastole, therefore impaired filling and reduced stroke volume. Abnormally slow heart rates (bradycardias) limit cardiac output as a direct consequence of reduced heart rate (CO = HR x SV).  

'''Abnormal rate/rhythm ''': Compromised cardiac output due to an increased or decreased heart rate. Abnormally fast heart rates (tachycardias) result a shorter diastole, therefore impaired filling and reduced stroke volume. Abnormally slow heart rates (bradycardias) limit cardiac output as a direct consequence of reduced heart rate (CO = HR x SV).