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{{toplink
 
{{toplink
|backcolour = f5fffa
   
|linkpage =Helminths
 
|linkpage =Helminths
 
|linktext =HELMINTHS
 
|linktext =HELMINTHS
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|pagetype =Bugs
 
|pagetype =Bugs
 
}}
 
}}
==<font color="purple">Cestodes</font>==
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===Cestodes===
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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<FlashCard questions="13">
!width="400"|'''Question'''
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|q1=Fill in the missing words about cestodes:<p>
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
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A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (???) of progressively maturing reproductive units called ??? anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the ???.
!width="150"|'''Article'''
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</p>
|-
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|a1=
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about cestodes'''
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*strobila
||<big>A cestode (tapeworm) is a chain (<font color="white">'''''strobila'''''</font>) of progressively maturing reproductive units called <font color="white">'''''proglottids'''''</font> anchored at one end to the intestinal wall by a hold-fast organ called the <font color="white">'''''scolex'''''</font>.
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*proglottids
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*scolex
|-
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|l1=Cyclophyllidea#Introduction
|<big>'''What species of Taenia occur in dogs?'''
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|q2=What species of Taenia occur in dogs?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a2=
*'''''Taenia ovis'''''
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*Taenia ovis
*'''''Taenia hydatigena'''''
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*Taenia hydatigena
*'''''Taenia pisiformis'''''
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*Taenia pisiformis
*'''''Taenia multiceps'''''
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*Taenia multiceps
*'''''Taenia serialis'''''
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*Taenia serialis
||[[Taenia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l2=Taenia#Introduction
|-
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|q3=Describe the features of a cysticercus
|<big>'''Describe the features of a cysticercus'''
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|a3=Fluid filled bladder, containing a single invaginated head (protoscolex) - seen as a white blob on the wall of the cyst
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l3=Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle
*'''''Fluid filled bladder, containing a single invaginated head (protoscolex) - seen as a white blob on the wall of the cyst'''''
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|q4=In which host(s) would you expect to find the cysticercus of ''T. hydatigena'' and where in the host might it be found?
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a4=
|-
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*Sheep (mostly)'
|<big>'''In which host(s) would you expect to find the cysticercus of ''T. hydatigena'' and where in the host might it be found?'''
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*Cattle
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Pigs
*'''''Sheep (mostly)''''''
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*Found in the peritoneal cavity
*'''''Cattle'''''
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|l4=Taenia#Structure and Function
*'''''Pigs'''''
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|q5=What is the difference between a coenurus and a cysticercus?
*'''''Found in the peritoneal cavity
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|a5=
||[[Taenia#Structure and Function|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*A coenurus is a fluid filled bladder with multiples (dozens) of inverted scolices attached to the wall
|-
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*Whereas the cysticercus  has only a single inverted scolex.
|<big>'''What is the difference between a coenurus and a cysticercus?'''
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|l5=Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q6=How does the distribution of hydatid cysts differ in sheep, horses and humans?
*'''''A coenurus is a fluid filled bladder with multiples (dozens) of inverted scolices attached to the wall'''''
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|a6=
*'''''Whereas the cysticercus  has only a single inverted scolex.'''''
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*Sheep = most are in the lungs with smaller numbers in the liver
||[[Cyclophyllidea#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Horses = nearly all are in the liver
|-
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*Humans = most are in the liver, with some in the lungs and a few elsewhere
|<big>'''How does the distribution of hydatid cysts differ in sheep, horses and humans?'''
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|l6=Echinococcus#Life-Cycle
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q7=What tapeworms occur in the cat?
*'''''Sheep = most are in the lungs with smaller numbers in the liver'''''
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|a7=
*'''''Horses = nearly all are in the liver'''''
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*Taenia taeniaeformis
*'''''Humans = most are in the liver, with some in the lungs and a few elsewhere'''''
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*Dipylidium
||[[Echinococcus#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l7=Taenia#Introduction
|-
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|q8=Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with ''T.  taeniaeformis''?
|<big>'''What tapeworms occur in the cat?'''
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|a8=The intermediate hosts are mice and other small mammals that are hunted
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l8=Taenia#Taenia spp of the Cat
*'''''Taenia taeniaeformis'''''
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|q9=Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find ''Anoplocephala''?
*'''''Dipylidium'''''
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|a9=Ileo-caecal junction
||[[Taenia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l9=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
|-
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|q10=Why are ''Anoplocephala'' eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination?
|<big>'''Why is it so difficult to prevent many cats from becoming re-infected with ''T.  taeniaeformis''?'''
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|a10=They are dense structures and do not always float in the flotation media used in routine diagnosis
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l10=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
*'''''The intermediate hosts are mice and other small mammals that are hunted'''''
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|q11=Why is it so difficult to prevent grazing horses from becoming re-infected with ''Anoplocephala''?
||[[Taenia#Taenia spp of the Cat|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a11=The intermediate hosts are ubiquitous free-living pasture mites
|-
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|l11=Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle
|<big>'''Where in the host (horse) would you expect to find ''Anoplocephala''?'''
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|q12=Describe the appearance of ''Moniezia
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a12=
*'''''Ileo-caecal junction'''''
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*Long tapeworm (up to 2m)
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Segments much wider than they are long
|-
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|l12=Moniezia#Introduction
|<big>'''Why are ''Anoplocephala'' eggs rarely seen on routine faecal examination?'''
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|q13=Why is ''T. solium'' more dangerous to human health than ''T. saginata''?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a13=If T. solium eggs get into the human small intestine, they will hatch and cysticerci can establish in the musculature and CNS. This does not happen with T. saginata.
*'''''They are dense structures and do not always float in the flotation media used in routine diagnosis'''''
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|l13=Taenia#T. solium, the Pork Tapeworm of Humans
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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</FlashCard>
|-
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===Trematodes===
|<big>'''Why is it so difficult to prevent grazing horses from becoming re-infected with ''Anoplocephala''?'''
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<FlashCard questions="7">
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q1=What are the most diagnostic features of the ''Fasciola hepatica'' egg?
*'''''The intermediate hosts are ubiquitous free-living pasture mites'''''
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|a1=
||[[Anoplocephala#Life-Cycle|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Oval and brown
|-
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*Granular contents
|<big>'''Describe the appearance of ''Moniezia'''''
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*Operculum ('trap-door') at one end
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Double the size of a typical strongyle egg
*'''''Long tapeworm (up to 2m)'''''
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|l1=Trematodes#Life-cycle stages
*'''''Segments much wider than they are long'''''
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|q2=Fill in the missing words about ''Lymnaea truncatula'':
||[[Moniezia#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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<p>''Lymnaea truncatula'' is the intermediate host for (???). It is found in ???, and feeds on ???. It has a ??? with 5-6 spirals.</p>
|-
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|a2=
|<big>'''Why is ''T. solium'' more dangerous to human health than ''T. saginata''?'''
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*Fasciola hepatica
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*muddy areas
*'''''If T. solium eggs get into the human small intestine, they will hatch and cysticerci can establish in the musculature and CNS. This does not happen with T. saginata.'''''
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*slimy green algae
||[[Taenia#T. solium, the Pork Tapeworm of Humans|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*brown-black shell
|}
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|l2=Fasciola#Lymnaea truncatula
 
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|q3=What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis?
 
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|a3=
==<font color="purple">Trematodes</font>==
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*Haemorrhagic tracts
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
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*Enlarged, pale and friable
!width="400"|'''Question'''
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|l3=Fasciola#Pathogenesis of acute fasciolosis
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
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|q4=What time of year do the clinical signs of chronic fasciolosis become apparent?
!width="150"|'''Article'''
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|a4=January - March
|-
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|l4=Fasciola#Chronic fasciolosis
|<big>'''What are the most diagnostic features of the ''Fasciola hepatica'' egg?'''
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|q5=Why is ''Dicrocoelium'' less pathogenic than ''Fasciola''?
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|a5=Migrates directly up the common bile duct and therefore does NOT migrate through the parenchyma (unlike ''Fasciola'')
*'''''Oval and brown'''''
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|l5=Dicrocoelium#Dicrocoelium dendriticum
*'''''Granular contents'''''
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|q6=Is ''Paramphistomum'' found in the UK?
*'''''Operculum ('trap-door') at one end'''''
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|a6=Rare in the UK, but can cause severe losses in ruminants in the wet tropics
*'''''Double the size of a typical strongyle egg'''''
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|l6=Paramphistomum#Paramphistomum Species
||[[Trematodes#Life-cycle stages|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|q7=What is the major cause of pathogenicity in schistosome infections?
|-
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|a7=
|<big>'''Fill in the missing words about ''Lymnaea truncatula'''''
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*The eggs have a spike to help them work their way into the intestine or urinary bladder
||<big>''Lymnaea truncatula'' is the intermediate host for (<font color="white">'''''Fasciola hepatica'''''</font>). It is found in <font color="white">'''''muddy areas'''''</font>, and feeds on <font color="white">'''''slimy green algae'''''</font>. It has a <font color="white">'''''brown-black shell'''''</font> with 5-6 spirals.
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*This causes mechanical damage and inflammatory responses that are exacerbated by antigens released by the eggs
||[[Fasciola#Lymnaea truncatula|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l7=Schistosoma#Schistosoma Species
|-
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</FlashCard>
|<big>'''What is the post mortem appearance of the liver in cases of acute fasciolosis?'''
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===Nematodes===
||<font color="white"> <big>
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<FlashCard questions="4">
*'''''Haemorrhagic tracts'''''
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|q1=What is the function of the bursa in bursate nematodes?
*'''''Enlarged, pale and friable'''''
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|a1=Clasp the female during mating
||[[Fasciola#Pathogenesis of acute fasciolosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|l1=Nematodes#Recognition Features
|-
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|q2=Which four superfamilies have bursate males?
|<big>'''What time of year do the clinical signs of chronic fasciolosis become apparent?'''
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|a2=
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Trichostrongyloidea
*'''''January - March'''''
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*Strongyloidea
||[[Fasciola#Chronic fasciolosis|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Ancylostomoidea (the hookworms)
|-
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*Metastrongyloidea
|<big>'''Why is ''Dicrocoelium'' less pathogenic than ''Fasciola''?'''
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|l2=Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|q3=What are the different ways in which intestinal nematodes can feed?
*'''''Migrates directly up the common bile duct and therefore does NOT migrate through the parenchyma (unlike ''Fasciola'')'''''
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|a3=
||[[Dicrocoelium#Dicrocoelium dendriticum|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Swallow ingesta and/or host secretions
|-
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*Suck a plug of mucosa into the buccal cavity (plug feeders), leaving a circular ulcer
|<big>'''Is ''Paramphistomum'' found in the UK?'''
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*Bury the head deep into the mucosa and suck blood
||<font color="white"> <big>
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|l3=Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies
*'''''Rare in the UK, but can cause severe losses in ruminants in the wet tropics'''''
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|q4=Name the six different non-bursate nematode superfamilies
||[[Paramphistomum#Paramphistomum Species|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|a4=
|-
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*Ascaridoidea
|<big>'''What is the major cause of pathogenicity in schistosome infections?'''
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*Oxyuroidea
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*Rhabditoidea
*'''''The eggs have a spike to help them work their way into the intestine or urinary bladder'''''
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*Trichinelloidea
*'''''This causes mechanical damage and inflammatory responses that are exacerbated by antigens released by the eggs'''''
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*Spiruroidea
||[[Schistosoma#Schistosoma Species|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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*Filarioidea
|}
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|l4=Nematodes#Feeding Habits
 
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</FlashCard>
 
  −
==<font color="purple">Nematodes</font>==
  −
{| border="3" cellpadding="8"
  −
!width="400"|'''Question'''
  −
!width="400"|'''Answer'''
  −
!width="150"|'''Article'''
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''What is the function of the bursa in bursate nematodes?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Clasp the female during mating'''''
  −
||[[Nematodes#Recognition Features|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|-
  −
|<big>'''Which four superfamilies have bursate males?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Trichostrongyloidea'''''
  −
*'''''Strongyloidea'''''
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*'''''Ancylostomoidea (the hookworms)'''''
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*'''''Metastrongyloidea'''''
  −
||[[Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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|-
  −
|<big>'''What are the different ways in which intestinal nematodes can feed?'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
  −
*'''''Swallow ingesta and/or host secretions'''''
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*'''''Suck a plug of mucosa into the buccal cavity (plug feeders), leaving a circular ulcer'''''
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*'''''Bury the head deep into the mucosa and suck blood'''''
  −
||[[Nematodes#Nematode Superfamilies|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|-
  −
|<big>'''Name the six different non-bursate nematode superfamilies'''
  −
||<font color="white"> <big>
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*'''''Ascaridoidea'''''
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*'''''Oxyuroidea'''''
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*'''''Rhabditoidea'''''
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*'''''Trichinelloidea'''''
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*'''''Spiruroidea'''''
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*'''''Filarioidea'''''
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||[[Nematodes#Feeding Habits|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
  −
|}