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===Histopathology===
===Histopathology===
This is required for definitive diagnosis. Histology reveals lymphoplasmacellular inflammation and necrosis of the hepatocytes adjacent to the portal tracts.
This is required for definitive diagnosis and to differentiate chronic hepatitis from other hepatopathies. Chornic hepatitis is characterised by moderate to severe lymphoplasmacellular inflammation and necrosis of the hepatocytes adjacent to the portal tracts.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
*Glucocorticoids at 1-2 mg/kg/day PO. Taper down with improved clinical signs and normal liver enzymes values
*Glucocorticoids at 1-2 mg/kg/day PO
**Taper down with improved clinical signs and normal liver enzymes values.
**This is not indicated for causes such as drug therapy, primary copper accumulation or infectious agents.
**Response to treatment should be followed up by liver biopsy 3-6 months later as glucocorticoid causes steriod induced ALP
*Ursodeoxycholic acid at 15mg/kg PO SID
*Ursodeoxycholic acid at 15mg/kg PO SID
*Antioxidants
**It is a synthetic hydrophilic bile acid that has hepatoprotective (anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory and antifibrotic effects) properties and choleretic effect. It expands the bile acid pool and displaces potentially hepatotoxic hydrophobic bile acids that accumulate in cholestasis.
*Copper chelation with Penicillamine or Zinc if copper exceeds 2000ppm
*Vitamin E
**An antioxidant to scavenge free radicals which may contribute to oxidative hepatocellular injury.
*Copper chelation if copper exceeds 2000ppm
**Penicillamine
**Zinc
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Response to treatment is variable. Poor prognosis for dogs with fibrosis and cirrhosis.
==References==
==References==
*(1) Van den Ingh, TSGAM et. al. (2006). Morphological classification of parenchymal disorders of the canine and feline liver. In Rothuizen J et. al., editors: WSAVA standards for clinical and histological diagnosis of canine and feline liver disease, Oxford, England, Saunders.
*(1) Van den Ingh, TSGAM et. al. (2006). Morphological classification of parenchymal disorders of the canine and feline liver. In Rothuizen J et. al., editors: WSAVA standards for clinical and histological diagnosis of canine and feline liver disease, Oxford, England, Saunders.
*Ettinger, S.J. and Feldman, E. C. (2000) '''Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine Diseases of the Dog and Cat Volume 2''' (Fifth Edition) ''W.B. Saunders Company''.
*Nelson, R.W. and Couto, C.G. (2009) '''Small Animal Internal Medicine (Fourth Edition)''' ''Mosby Elsevier''.