Changes

==What is Histidine?==

==What is Histidine?==

Histidine is an '''essential amino acid''' for dogs and cats. It is characterised as a gluconeogenic amino acid and contains a positively charged imidazole side chain. Dietary histidine is absorbed by a neutral amino acid transporter in the small intestine (particularly the jejunum) and plasma histidine is actively reabsorbed in the proximal tubule of the kidney.

Histidine is an '''essential amino acid''' for dogs and cats. It is characterised as a gluconeogenic amino acid and contains a positively charged imidazole side chain. Dietary histidine is absorbed by a neutral amino acid transporter in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]] (particularly the [[Jejunum - Anatomy & Physiology|jejunum]]) and plasma histidine is actively reabsorbed in the [[Nephron Microscopic Anatomy#Proximal Tubule|proximal tubule]] of the kidney.

==Why is it Important?==

==Why is it Important?==

==Roles in the Body==

==Roles in the Body==

Histidine is present at high concentrations in haemoglobin; the positive charge on the imidazole side chain of this amino acid promotes oxygen exchange in the lungs and other tissues<ref>Cianciaruso B, et al. Histidine, an essential amino acid for adult dogs. J Nutr 1981;111:1074-1084.</ref>.

Histidine is present at high concentrations in haemoglobin; the positive charge on the imidazole side chain of this amino acid promotes oxygen exchange in the lungs and other tissues<ref>Cianciaruso B, et al. Histidine, an essential amino acid for adult dogs. J Nutr 1981;111:1074-1084.</ref>.

Histamine a neuro-active compound is formed from the decarboxylation of histidine, and plays a role in immune function and vasodilation. Carnosine is a histidine derived dipeptide that acts as a cellular antioxidant and copper and zinc chelator within mammalian cells<ref>Boldyrev AA, et al. Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine. Physiol Rev 2013;93:1803-1845.</ref>.

'''Histamine a neuro-active compound is formed from the decarboxylation of histidine, and plays a role in immune function and vasodilation'''. '''Carnosine is a histidine derived dipeptide that acts as a cellular antioxidant and copper and zinc chelator within mammalian cells'''<ref>Boldyrev AA, et al. Physiology and pathophysiology of carnosine. Physiol Rev 2013;93:1803-1845.</ref>.

==Consequences of Histidine Deficiency==

==Consequences of Histidine Deficiency==

==Diagnosing Histidine Deficiency==

==Diagnosing Histidine Deficiency==

Diagnosis of histidine deficiency is based on fasted plasma amino acids and the presence of hypoalbuminemia and low serum haemoglobin concentration.

Diagnosis of histidine deficiency is based on fasted plasma amino acids and the presence of [[Hypoalbuminaemia|hypoalbuminemia]] and low serum haemoglobin concentration.

==References==

==References==

[[Category:To Do - Nutrition]]

[[Category:To Do - Nutrition]]

[[Category:To Do - Nutrition GGP]]

[[Category:To Do - Nutrition preMars]]