Changes

==Species predisposition==

==Species predisposition==

[[Image:CNS_IBD.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''CNS derangement in [[Burmese Python|Burmese python]]''' ©RVC and its licensors, Peer Zwart and Fredric Frye. All rights reserved]]

[[Image:CNS_IBD.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''CNS derangement in [[Burmese Python|Burmese python]]''' ©RVC and its licensors, Peer Zwart and Fredric Frye. All rights reserved]]

Inclusion body disease is seen in [[Boidae]]. Previously the most commonly affected species was [[Burmese Python|Burmese pythons]] but the disease is now most often seen in [[Boa constrictor|boa constrictors]]. It appears to be relatively uncommon in [[Royal Python|royal pythons]] and has not been reported in rosy boas. The occurrence of the disease in non-boids cannot be ruled out since typical signs and lesions have been reported in a [[Kingsnake|kingsnake]]. IBD is primarily seen in adult snakes, however all age groups should be considered susceptible.

Inclusion body disease is seen in [[Boidae]]. Previously the most commonly affected species was [[Burmese Python|Burmese pythons]] but the disease is now most often seen in [[Boa constrictor|Boa constrictors]]. It appears to be relatively uncommon in [[Royal Python|royal pythons]] and has not been reported in [[Rosy boa|Rosy boas]]. The occurrence of the disease in non-boids cannot be ruled out since typical signs and lesions have been reported in a [[Kingsnake|kingsnake]]. IBD is primarily seen in adult snakes, however all age groups should be considered susceptible.

Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a worldwide disease of [[Boidae]] and is named for the characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in the cells of affected snakes. The causative agent of has not been identified although a Retroviridae-like virus has been incriminated.  

Inclusion body disease (IBD) is a worldwide disease of [[Boidae]] and is named for the characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusions seen in the cells of affected snakes. The causative agent of has not been identified although a Retroviridae-like virus has been incriminated.  

==Examination==

==Examination==

Classically pythons developed acute CNS signs and boas presented with regurgitation. In fact clinical signs are very variable and may related to secondary bacterial infections in immunosuppressed boids. Common clinical signs include lethargy, anorexia, weight loss or lack of weight gain, pale oral mucous membranes, CNS problems (incoordination, disorientation, slow to loss of righting reflexes, head tremors, opisthotonous, paresis to paralysis), regurgitation (partially digested possibly mucous-covered food food about one week post-prandial), stomatitis, diarrhoea, pneumonia, dermatitis and neoplasia.

Classically [[Pythoninae|pythons]] developed acute CNS signs and boas presented with regurgitation. In fact clinical signs are very variable and may related to secondary bacterial infections in immunosuppressed boids. Common clinical signs include lethargy, anorexia, weight loss or lack of weight gain, pale oral mucous membranes, CNS problems (incoordination, disorientation, slow to loss of righting reflexes, head tremors, opisthotonous, paresis to paralysis), regurgitation (partially digested possibly mucous-covered food food about one week post-prandial), [[Lizard and Snake Ulcerative Stomatitis|stomatitis]], diarrhoea, pneumonia, dermatitis and neoplasia.

*See [Snake Physical Examination|snake physical examination]].

* '''For more information on physical examination of a snake, see''' [Snake Physical Examination]].

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

[[Image:BOID_INCLUS._BODY_DIS._GASTRIC_MUCOSAL_INCLUSIONS.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Gastric mucosal inclusions''' ©RVC and its licensors, Peer Zwart and Fredric Frye. All rights reserved]]

[[Image:BOID_INCLUS._BODY_DIS._GASTRIC_MUCOSAL_INCLUSIONS.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Gastric mucosal inclusions''' ©RVC and its licensors, Peer Zwart and Fredric Frye. All rights reserved]]

Tissues for biopsy include oesophageal tonsils, liver, kidney and gastric mucosa. The presence of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies on histology is diagnostic for IBD. Sometimes very few inclusions are seen so absence of inclusions does not rule out the disease. For antemortem diagnosis biopsies may have be repeated several times to find inclusions. Characteristic histopathology may be seen in several tissues.

Tissues for biopsy include oesophageal tonsils, liver, kidney and gastric mucosa. The presence of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies on histology is diagnostic for IBD. Sometimes very few inclusions are seen so absence of inclusions does not rule out the disease. For antemortem diagnosis biopsies may have be repeated several times to find inclusions. Characteristic histopathology may be seen in several tissues.

*Find out more in [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|specimen collection and evaluation]].

* '''For more infomation on taking samples from snakes, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Specimen Collection and Evaluation|Specimen Collection and Evaluation]].

   

   

===Necropsy===

===Necropsy===

[[Snake Necropsy|Necropsy]] shows changes associated with secondary bacterial infections. On histology, multiple tissues have been reported to contain cells with inclusions.

[[Snake Necropsy|Necropsy]] shows changes associated with secondary bacterial infections. On histology, multiple tissues have been reported to contain cells with inclusions.

==Therapy==

==Therapy==

There is no known treatment. [[Lizard and Snake Euthanasia|Euthanasia]] is recommended.

There is no known treatment. Euthanasia is recommended.

 

* '''For more information on euthanasia, see''' [[Lizard and Snake Euthanasia]].

==Prevention==

==Prevention==

A sound preventive medicine programme is the protection. All new snakes should be [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantined]] for a minimum of 90 days before introduction to others. For larger collections a [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantine]] of 6 months may be more appropriate. The exact route of transmission is unknown so [[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice|hygiene]] and [[Snake Mites|mite]] control are essential. Finally all infected snakes should be [[Lizard and Snake Euthanasia|euthanased]].

A sound preventive medicine programme is the protection. All new snakes should be quarantined for a minimum of 90 days before introduction to others. For larger collections a [[Lizard and Snake Quarantine|quarantine]] of 6 months may be more appropriate. The exact route of transmission is unknown so [[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice|hygiene]] and [[Snake Mites|mite]] control are essential. Finally all infected snakes should be [[Lizard and Snake Euthanasia|euthanased]].

 

* '''For more information on preventative veterinary medicine, see'''[[Lizard and Snake Quarantine]] '''and'''[[Lizard and Snake Day to Day Practice]].

[[Category:Snake Viral Diseases]]

[[Category:Snake Viral Diseases]]