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Caused By – '''''Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus – IPNV'''''

Caused By: '''''Infectious Pancreatic Necrosis Virus – IPNV'''''

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

==Distribution==

==Distribution==

Worldwide including North and South America, Europe. Asia and Oceania.

Worldwide, including North and South America, Europe. Asia and Oceania.

Due to increased awareness, regulations on movement of fish eggs and hygiene policies, '''many US states and provinces have successfully reduced or eradicated the disease from their fisheries.''' Unfortunately the situation in Europe is not so positive and disease is widespread. Iceland is a notable infection due to their large scale salmonid production and lack of reports of IPN despite extensive fish inspection procedures. This may be due to their very strict importation policy for fin fish and may be an example to follow.

Due to increased awareness, regulations on movement of fish eggs and hygiene policies, '''many US states and provinces have successfully reduced or eradicated the disease from their fisheries.''' Unfortunately the situation in Europe is not so positive and disease is widespread. Iceland has no IPN infection in salmonids despite their large scale production probably and extensive fish inspection procedures. This may be due to their very strict importation policy for fin fish and may be an example to follow.

The disease is '''transmitted horizontally via shared water'''. The virus is shed in both '''faeces and urine'''. Brook and rainbow trout can also transmit disease '''vertically''' and this may be a feature in other species too. '''Homeothermic vertebrates and invertebrates''' are thought to be a source of disease early in an outbreak. '''Fomites and personnel''' can also act as mechanical vectors for transmission.

The disease is '''transmitted horizontally via shared water'''. The virus is shed in both '''faeces and urine'''. Brook and rainbow trout can also transmit disease '''vertically''' and this may be a feature in other species too. '''Homeothermic vertebrates and invertebrates''' are thought to be a source of disease early in an outbreak. '''Fomites and personnel''' can also act as mechanical vectors for transmission.

==Signalment==

==Signalment==

Although salmonid species are by far the most common and economically important, a huge range of fish can be infected by IPN including Japanese eels, milkfish, pike, menhaden, wrasse, halibut, scallops and clams. The true scope of the virus is difficult to monitor due to the isolation of many other associated birnaviruses that are difficult to differentiate from IPNV and are widespread.  

Although salmonid species are by far the most common and economically important, a huge range of fish can be infected by IPN including Japanese eels, milkfish, pike, menhaden, wrasse, halibut, scallops and clams. The true scope of the virus is difficult to monitor due to the isolation of many other widespread birnaviruses that are difficult to differentiate from IPNV.  

The disease most characteristically presents in '''rainbow trout, brook trout, brown trout, atlantic salmon and several pacific salmon species. '''

The disease most characteristically presents in '''rainbow trout, brook trout, brown trout, atlantic salmon and several pacific salmon species. '''

The first sign of an outbreak in salmonid fry is a '''sudden increase in daily mortality''' which progressively increases. Faster growing fish will usually be affected first, increasing the economic impact of the disease. '''Cumulative mortality varies from 10% to >90%.'''

The first sign of an outbreak in salmonid fry is a '''sudden increase in daily mortality''' which progressively increases. Faster growing fish will usually be affected first, increasing the economic impact of the disease. '''Cumulative mortality varies from 10% to >90%.'''

Affected fish '''darken in colour stop feeding, exhibit a pronounced distension of the abdomen and often swim in spirals or corkscrew manoeuvres. Pinpoint haemorrhages''' are visible on the skin and fins. '''Exophthalmia''' is often a feature.

Affected fish '''darken in colour, stop feeding, exhibit a pronounced distension of the abdomen and often swim in spirals or corkscrew manoeuvres. Pinpoint haemorrhages''' are visible on the skin and fins. '''Exophthalmia''' is often a feature.

Disease course is usually only '''1-2 weeks in individual fish''', after which surviving fish recover.

Disease course is usually only '''1-2 weeks in individual fish''', after which surviving fish recover.

==Diagnosis==

==Diagnosis==

Virus can be consistently detected using '''cell cultures from teleost cell lines'''. It can then be confirmed by '''serum neutralisation or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] '''. Antigen can be detected in tissues by '''indirect fluorescent antibody testing.'''

Virus can be consistently detected using '''cell cultures from teleost cell lines'''. It can then be confirmed by '''serum neutralisation or [[ELISA testing|ELISA]] '''. Antigen can be detected in tissues by [[FAT|'''indirect fluorescent antibody testing.''']]

On post-mortem, the '''pancreas has white-grey necrotic patches''' throughout and '''petechiation''' is evident throughout the viscera.  

On post-mortem, the '''pancreas has white-grey necrotic patches''' throughout and '''petechiation''' is evident throughout the viscera.  

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Infectious Pancreatoc Necrosis datasheet''', accessed 31/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

Animal Health & Production Compendium, '''Infectious Pancreatoc Necrosis datasheet''', accessed 31/07/2011 @ http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/

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