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→Ixodes holocyclus
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{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name =Ixodes
|kingdom =Animalia
|kingdom =Animalia
|phylum =Arthropoda
|phylum =[[:Category:Arthropods|Arthropoda]]
|class =Arachnida
|class =[[:Category:Arachnida|Arachnida]]
|order =Ixodida
|order =Ixodida
|family =Ixodidae
|family =Ixodidae
|genus =
|genus =Ixodes
|species =
|species =
}}
}}
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[Image:Ixodes ricinus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Ixodes ricinus'' - Richard Bartz, Wikimedia Commons]]
[[Image:Ixodes ricinus.jpg|thumb|right|150px|''Ixodes ricinus'' - Richard Bartz, Wikimedia Commons]]
This is the largest genus of hard ticks globally and can be identified by;
*Long palps
*Long palps
*Absent eyes
*Absent eyes
*Not ornate
*Not ornate scutums
*No festoons
*No festoons
*Anterior anal grooves
*Anterior anal grooves
*Small size
*Long mouthparts
There are a number of ''Ixodes'' species present in the UK, however the most prevalent are ''I.ricinus'', ''I.canisuga'' and ''I.trianguliceps''.
There are a number of ''Ixodes'' species present in the UK, however the most prevalent are ''I.ricinus'', ''I.canisuga'' and ''I.trianguliceps''.
==UK species==
===''I. ricinus''===
===''I. ricinus''===
This hard tick is found throughout Europe and north Africa living in woodland, forests and bushes. Its [[Tick Life Cycle|life cycle]] can last between 1 and 6 years but normally takes 2 or 3 and involves three hosts. When feeding the female can grow up to 200 times her original size, feeding also causes paralysis in the host. The adults will target medium to large mammals such as sheep, cattle, dogs, deer, horses and humans whilst the larval and nymphal stages will attack smaller mammals, birds and reptiles. Once the adult female has fed once for a number of hours and mated on the host she will drop to the floor and lay her eggs in matted vegetation before dieing. ''I.ricinus'' is known to transmit Lyme disease (''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'') to cattle, horse and humans as well as Q fever (''[[Coxiella burnetti]]''). There a number of other infectious agents transmitted by ''Ixodes'' species including ''[[Babesia]] divergens'', ''B.bovis'', '' B.ovis'', ''Rickettsia conorii'', ''[[Anaplasma marginale]]'', ''[[Ehrlichia phagocytophila]]'' and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''.
This hard tick is found throughout Europe and north Africa living in woodland, forests and bushes. Its [[Tick Life Cycle|life cycle]] can last between 1 and 6 years but normally takes 2 or 3 and involves three hosts. When feeding the female can grow up to 200 times her original size, feeding also causes paralysis in the host. The adults will target medium to large mammals such as sheep, cattle, dogs, deer, horses and humans whilst the larval and nymphal stages will attack smaller mammals, birds and reptiles. Once the adult female has fed once for a number of hours and mated on the host she will drop to the floor and lay her eggs in matted vegetation before dieing. ''I.ricinus'' is known to transmit Lyme disease (''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'') to cattle, horse and humans as well as Q fever (''[[Q Fever|Coxiella burnetti]]''). There a number of other infectious agents transmitted by ''Ixodes'' species including ''[[Babesia]] divergens'', ''B.bovis'', '' B.ovis'', ''Rickettsia conorii'', ''[[Anaplasmas|Anaplasma marginale]]'', ''[[Ehrlichia phagocytophila]]'' and ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]''.
===''I. canisuga''===
===''I. canisuga''===
This is known as the hedgehog tick however it will also affect dogs, cats, ferrets and weasels. This is commonly seen in small animal practice.
This is known as the hedgehog tick however it will also affect dogs, cats, ferrets and weasels. This is commonly seen in small animal practice.
==Overseas Species==
===''Ixodes scapularis''===
[[File:Ixodes scapularis.jpg|150px|thumb|right|''Ixodes scapularis'' - Dodo 2005, Wikimedia commons]]
Also known as: '''''Deer tick — Shoulder tick — Black-legged tick
This tick is found in wooded areas throughout North America and can infect all mammals and birds but the favoured host is the Deer. It requires a high humidity in order to sruvive and so will only quest for hosts when conditions are suitable, around August and May time. This is a three host tick that takes 3 years to complete its life cycle although in this period it only feeds for about 28 days. The tick feeds once at each stage of its life, except the adult male that will feed intermittently and remain on the host to mate. Mating takes place on the host, following which the female will feed for about 14 days before being shed from the host to lay eggs in a sheltered area before dieing. The bites from ''I. scapularis'' are painful, more importantly however these ticks are the most common vector of Lyme disease in North America. These ticks are important zoonotically as the main vectors of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis.
===''Ixodes holocyclus''===
[[File:Ixodes holocyclus.jpg|150px|thumb|right|''Ixodes holocyclus'' before and after feeding - Bjørn Christian Tørrissen, Wikimedia commons]]
Also known as: '''''Paralysis tick
Found in Australia and infects all mammals and birds but is of importance in catlle, sheep, goats, dogs and cats. It is a three host tick and has a standard ''Ixodes'' life cycle (as described above). These ticks are the primary cause of tick paralysis in Australia, reportedly responsible for upwards of 20000 cases of paralysis in domestic animals annualy. Even in infection with a small number of ticks, or the developmental stages, they can cause death in animals particularly in young calves. On top of the paralytic ability of these ticks they are vectors for ''Rickettsia australis'', Queensland tick typhus, and ''Coxiella burnetti'', Q fever.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Ticks_Flashcards|Ticks Flashcards]]
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Ixodes&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=AND&q2=&occuring2=freetext&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=67&y=12 ''Ixodes'' spp. publications]
|Vetstream = [https://www.vetstream.com/canis/Content/Bug/bug00045.asp Ixodes ricinus]
}}
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[[Category:Hard Ticks - UK]][[Category:To_Do_-_NickJ]][[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Hard Ticks - UK]][[Category:Hard Ticks - Overseas]][[Category:Expert_Review]]