Changes

===Clinical signs===

===Clinical signs===

Clinical signs may very depending on the extent of intestine involved and the degree of strangulation that has occurred. Signs may include acute onset abdominal pain (flank-watching, rolling, kicking, pawing), decreased borborygmi, tachycardia and tachypnoea. The pain may intially respond well to analgesia. If vascular compromise has occured, signs of endotoxaemia may be present including  

Clinical signs may very depending on the extent of intestine involved and the degree of strangulation that has occurred. Initial signs may be restricted to those indicative of acute onset abdominal pain (for example flank-watching, rolling, kicking and pawing). The pain may intially respond well to analgesia. In the early stage of the disease, gut sounds may be present and faeces may be passed. It may take up to eight to twelve hours before additional clinical signs including tachycardia and tachypnoea occur. At this stage there may be reduced borborygmi and cessation of defecation. If vascular compromise has occured, signs of endotoxaemia may be present including  

   

   

===Diagnosis===

===Diagnosis===

===Treatment===

===Treatment===

The only treatment available for the disease is surgical resection of the tumour and any strangulated bowel. The surgeon will evaluate the colour of the mesentery, the mucosa, intestinal motility and whether a pulse remains in the mesenteric vessels when deciding whether to resect and the portion of intestine to be removed. Endotoxaemia and post-operative ileus are significant potential complications of surgery. Additional risks include infection, adhesions and stenosis of the surgical anastamosis.

The only treatment available for the disease is surgical resection of the tumour and any strangulated bowel. The surgeon will evaluate the colour of the mesentery, the mucosa, intestinal motility and whether a pulse remains in the mesenteric vessels when deciding whether to resect and the portion of intestine to be removed. Endotoxaemia and post-operative ileus are significant potential complications of surgery. Additional risks include infection, adhesions and stenosis of the surgical anastamosis. Various post-operative regimes have been reported to reduce the risk of complication including faecal softeners, anti-inflammatories and pro-kinetics.  

===Prognosis===

===Prognosis===