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− | {{unfinished}} | + | {{review}} |
− | Consider examining in a quiet area; the use of the oculovagal reflex will allow for a more relaxed clinical examination. | + | |
| + | Consider examining in a quiet area; the use of the [[Lizard_Handling_and_Restraint#Non-chemical_restraint_-_the_oculovagal_response|oculovagal reflex]] will allow for a more relaxed clinical examination. |
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| ==Skin== | | ==Skin== |
− | [[Image:Lizard_dysecdysis.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Dysecdysis and retained skin on digits''' (Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]] | + | [[Image:Lizard_dysecdysis.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Dysecdysis and retained skin on digits''' (Copyright © RVC)]] |
| Examine under a bright light and with a hand lens if necessary. A common problem is retained shed especially on the digits. This may cause [[Lizard Avascular Necrosis of Digits or Tail|avascular necrosis of the digits]]. | | Examine under a bright light and with a hand lens if necessary. A common problem is retained shed especially on the digits. This may cause [[Lizard Avascular Necrosis of Digits or Tail|avascular necrosis of the digits]]. |
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| Skin folding indicates dehydration, cachexia. Assessment of dehydration in reptiles is analogous to mammals. With 5-8% dehydration there is loss of skin elasticity with a wrinkled appearance. With more severe dehydration (10-15%) the eyes are sunken and the mucous membranes become dry and sticky (consider that the oral cavity of most reptiles is relatively dry compared with mammals). | | Skin folding indicates dehydration, cachexia. Assessment of dehydration in reptiles is analogous to mammals. With 5-8% dehydration there is loss of skin elasticity with a wrinkled appearance. With more severe dehydration (10-15%) the eyes are sunken and the mucous membranes become dry and sticky (consider that the oral cavity of most reptiles is relatively dry compared with mammals). |
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− | '''For more information on lizard skin, see''' [[Lizard Integument|Lizard Integument]]. | + | '''For more information on normal lizard skin anatomy, see''' [[Lizard Integument|Lizard Integument]]. |
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| Shedding is regular and generally occurs in a piecemeal fashion. It occurs about every 4 to 6 weeks, more often for younger animals during the peak growing seasons and more slowly during winter. | | Shedding is regular and generally occurs in a piecemeal fashion. It occurs about every 4 to 6 weeks, more often for younger animals during the peak growing seasons and more slowly during winter. |
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− | '''For more information on lizard shedding, see''' [[Lizard Shedding|Lizard Shedding]]. | + | '''For detailed information on shedding in lizards, see''' [[Lizard Shedding|Lizard Shedding]]. |
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| ==Head== | | ==Head== |
− | [[Image:Lizard_nares.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Nares of an iguana''' (Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]] | + | [[Image:Lizard_nares.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''Nares of an iguana''' (Copyright © RVC)]] |
− | [[Image:Lizard_eyes.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''The eyes should be bright and clear''' (Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]]
| + | [[Image:Lizard_tongue.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''The iguana tongue has a reddened split at the end of the tongue (here it is also forced to the left due to an oral granuloma)''' (Copyright © RVC)]] |
− | [[Image:Lizard_tongue.jpg|200px|thumb|right|'''The iguana tongue has a reddened split at the end of the tongue (here it is also forced to the left due to an oral granuloma)''' (Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]] | |
| ===Rostrum=== | | ===Rostrum=== |
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− | * Trauma and ulcerations due to repeat escape attempts are very common in [[Water Dragon|water dragons]]. | + | * [[Lizard Rostral Abrasions|Trauma and ulcerations]] due to repeat escape attempts are very common in [[Water Dragon|water dragons]]. |
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| ===Nares=== | | ===Nares=== |
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− | * Check the nares are patent and free of discharge (some iguanids excrete salt from nasal glands via the nares). | + | * Check the nares are patent and free of discharge (some iguanids excrete salt from nasal [[Salt gland|glands]] via the nares). |
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| ===Eyes=== | | ===Eyes=== |
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| * The [[Lizard Eye|eyes]] should be clear and free of discharge. | | * The [[Lizard Eye|eyes]] should be clear and free of discharge. |
| * The [[Lizard Eye|eyes]] should be bright and clear. | | * The [[Lizard Eye|eyes]] should be bright and clear. |
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| ====Ophthalmologic Examination==== | | ====Ophthalmologic Examination==== |
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| * Following a general assessment of the eye and associated structures (eyelids, tear film, globe), a more detailed examination should be performed using a form of focal illumination and a magnification system. | | * Following a general assessment of the eye and associated structures (eyelids, tear film, globe), a more detailed examination should be performed using a form of focal illumination and a magnification system. |
| * Examination of the ocular fundus to assess the retina (fundoscopy) can be carried out using a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope. | | * Examination of the ocular fundus to assess the retina (fundoscopy) can be carried out using a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope. |
− | * [[Mydriatic|Mydriasis]] can be attempted either through general anaesthesia or intracameral injection of neuromuscular blocking agents such as curare or d-tubocurarine. These agents can also be applied topically; however their effectiveness may be affected by the variable corneal penetration of the drugs. | + | * [[Mydriatic|Mydriasis]] can be attempted either through general [[Lizard and Snake Anaesthesia|anaesthesia]] or intracameral injection of neuromuscular blocking agents such as curare or d-tubocurarine. These agents can also be applied topically; however their effectiveness may be affected by the variable corneal penetration of the drugs. |
| * Other diagnostic tools, such as tonometry (measurement of the intraocular pressure), stains, cytology, bacteriology, histopathology and electron microscopy, in addition to routine diagnostic tools ([[Lizard and Snake Haemotology|haemotology]], [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]], [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|radiology and ultrasound]]) can also be used to detect an ocular disease or underlying problem in lizards. | | * Other diagnostic tools, such as tonometry (measurement of the intraocular pressure), stains, cytology, bacteriology, histopathology and electron microscopy, in addition to routine diagnostic tools ([[Lizard and Snake Haemotology|haemotology]], [[Lizard and Snake Biochemistry|biochemistry]], [[Lizard and Snake Imaging|radiology and ultrasound]]) can also be used to detect an ocular disease or underlying problem in lizards. |
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− | '''For more information on the eye, see''' [[Lizard Eye|Lizard Eye]]. | + | '''For more information on the anatomy of the lizard eye, see''' [[Lizard Eye|Lizard Eye]]. |
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| ===Tympanum=== | | ===Tympanum=== |
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| * Check that there is no abnormal swelling. | | * Check that there is no abnormal swelling. |
− | '''For more information on the lizard ear, see''' [[Lizard Ear|Lizard Ear]]. | + | '''For more information on the anatomy of the lizard ear, see''' [[Lizard Ear|Lizard Ear]]. |
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| ===Skull and mandible=== | | ===Skull and mandible=== |
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| * Check for discharges and foreign body. | | * Check for discharges and foreign body. |
| * Observe during respiration to differentiate between discharges originating from [[Lizard Respiratory System|respiratory]] or [[Lizard Gastrointestinal System|GIT]]. | | * Observe during respiration to differentiate between discharges originating from [[Lizard Respiratory System|respiratory]] or [[Lizard Gastrointestinal System|GIT]]. |
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| ====Pharynx==== | | ====Pharynx==== |
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− | '''For information on the lizard's respiratory system, see''' [[Lizard Respiratory System|Lizard Respiratory System]]. | + | '''For more information on the normal anatomy and physiology of the lizard's respiratory system, see''' [[Lizard Respiratory System|Lizard Respiratory System]]. |
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| '''For information on the lizard's sense of taste and smell, see''' [[Lizard Taste and Smell|Lizard Taste and Smell]]. | | '''For information on the lizard's sense of taste and smell, see''' [[Lizard Taste and Smell|Lizard Taste and Smell]]. |
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| ==Temporomandibular joint== | | ==Temporomandibular joint== |
− | [[Image:Lizard_stand.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''In a new area, such as a consulting room, a healthy lizard will stand so that it is supporting its bodyweight (for a quick getaway if an opening appears)''' (Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]] | + | [[Image:Lizard_stand.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''In a new area, such as a consulting room, a healthy lizard will stand so that it is supporting its bodyweight (for a quick getaway if an opening appears)''' (Copyright © RVC)]] |
| * Check medial aspects for white deposits ([[Uric acid|uric acid]] deposits). | | * Check medial aspects for white deposits ([[Uric acid|uric acid]] deposits). |
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| * Decide if swellings are bone (fibrous periosteal reactions or fractures) or soft tissue (includes abscesses). | | * Decide if swellings are bone (fibrous periosteal reactions or fractures) or soft tissue (includes abscesses). |
| * Flex and extend joints individually and assess for range of movement and pain. | | * Flex and extend joints individually and assess for range of movement and pain. |
− | * Check digits for [[Lizard Dysecdysis|retained skin]] and [[Avascular Necrosis of Digits or Tail|digital necrosis]]. | + | * Check digits for [[Lizard Dysecdysis|retained skin]] and [[Lizard Avascular Necrosis of Digits or Tail|digital necrosis]]. |
| * Assess withdrawal reflex by pinching a digit. | | * Assess withdrawal reflex by pinching a digit. |
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| ==Coelomic cavity (thorax/abdomen)== | | ==Coelomic cavity (thorax/abdomen)== |
− | [[Image:Gecko_abdominal.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Small lizards such as leopard geckos are delicately restrained for abdominal palpation.''' (Copyright © RVC and its licensors, Sean Bobbit, Sue Evans, Andrew Devare and Claire Moore. All rights reserved)]] | + | [[Image:Gecko_abdominal.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Small lizards such as leopard geckos are delicately restrained for abdominal palpation.''' (Copyright © RVC)]] |
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| * Requires a silent examination area for auscultation. Place stethoscope ventrally between forelimbs or laterally in axilla region for heart and lateral thorax for lungs. A thin, damp cloth between stethoscope and scales aids auscultation. [[Lizard Cardiovascular Disease|Cardiovascular problems]] are not uncommon due to calcification of bronchi and [[Lizard Cardiovascular System|major arteries]]. | | * Requires a silent examination area for auscultation. Place stethoscope ventrally between forelimbs or laterally in axilla region for heart and lateral thorax for lungs. A thin, damp cloth between stethoscope and scales aids auscultation. [[Lizard Cardiovascular Disease|Cardiovascular problems]] are not uncommon due to calcification of bronchi and [[Lizard Cardiovascular System|major arteries]]. |
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| * Enlarged kidneys may be palpated by this method. Endoscopic examination should be considered. | | * Enlarged kidneys may be palpated by this method. Endoscopic examination should be considered. |
| * Examine the tail for swellings, masses, tail tip necrosis and evidence of [[Autotomy|tail loss and regeneration]]. | | * Examine the tail for swellings, masses, tail tip necrosis and evidence of [[Autotomy|tail loss and regeneration]]. |
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| ==Sexing== | | ==Sexing== |
− | [[Image:Lizard_dimorphism.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Sexual dimorphism in ''Lacerta bilineata'' (male: left; female: right) ''' (Wikicommons)]] | + | [[Image:Lizard_dimorphism.jpg|300px|thumb|right|'''Sexual dimorphism in ''Lacerta bilineata'' (male: left; female: right) ''' (© Benchaum, Wikimedia Commons)]] |
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| Gender identification in juvenile animals may be challenging; however, most lizard species display sexual dimorphism as adults. | | Gender identification in juvenile animals may be challenging; however, most lizard species display sexual dimorphism as adults. |
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| ==Measurement== | | ==Measurement== |
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− | Carry out normal measurement procedures, such as rostrum to cloaca, cloaca to tail tip and weight. | + | Carry out normal measurement procedures, such as rostrum to [[Cloaca|cloaca]], [[Cloaca|cloaca]] to tail tip and weight. |
− | [[Category:Lizard Examination|P]] | + | |
| + | ==Literature Search== |
| + | [[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]] |
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| + | Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation). |
| + | <br><br><br> |
| + | [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118384.pdf '''Neurologic examination in reptiles - Part I: Cranial nerve examination.''' Bennett, R. A.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1766-1767 - '''Full Text Article'''] |
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| + | [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093118385.pdf '''Neurologic examination in reptiles - Part II: Localizing neurologic dysfunction.''' Bennett, R. A.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 1768-1769 - '''Full Text Article'''] |
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| + | [[Category:Lizard Examination|C]] |