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== Introduction ==
This is a viral disease affecting sheep, grouse, hares, deer, elk, small rodents, ticks and humans; therefore the disease is zoonotic. The reservoir host for this disease is hard ticks (''[[Ixodes spp.|Ixodes ricinus]]'') and this is transmitted to the host by saliva when the tick bites. Therefore, spread mirrors seasonal tick activity.
The virus replicates in [[macrophages]] causing pyrexia and then recovery. The second phase of the virus replication occurs in Purkinje cells of the cerebellum and motor nuclei of the brain stem.
====Epidemiology====
== Clinical Signs ==
Signs in sheep include trembling, torticollis, and irregular gait. In grouse, the disease causes them to die of starvation. In humans, signs are flu-like and can be followed by a coma and rarely death. Usually however, recovery is normal.
====Control====
== Diagnosis ==
Diagnosis is by presence of clinical signs, plus knowledge of tick season. Definitive diagnosis can be achieved by virus isolation and histopathology of brain tissue.
[[Category:Flaviviruses]][[Category:Sheep Viruses]][[Category:Poultry]][[Category:Zoonoses]][[Category:Rodents]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Clinical/Viruses]]
== Control ==
[[Category:Neurological Diseases - Sheep]]
This can be achieved by dipping sheep in '''acaracides''' to control the vector, the tick. '''Inactivated [[vaccines]]''' in late pregnancy can be used to '''boost maternal antibody'''. Lambs are usually inoculated when over 4 months of age. A vaccine is available in humans for those at risk of the disease.
== References ==
Bridger, J and Russell, P (2007) '''Virology Study Book''', ''Royal Veterinary College''
Radostits, O.M, Arundel, J.H, and Gay, C.C. (2000) '''Veterinary Medicine: a textbook of the diseases of cattle, sheep, pigs, goats and horses''' ''Elsevier Health Sciences''
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[[Category:Flaviviruses]] [[Category:Sheep_Viruses]] [[Category:Avian_Viruses]] [[Category:Zoonoses]] [[Category:Rodents]] [[Category:Expert_Review - Farm Animal]] [[Category:Neurological_Diseases_-_Sheep]]