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Also known as: '''''Borreliosis — Lyme Borreliosis
==Introductions==
[[File:Borreliose.png|thumb|Map of the areas where ''Borrelia spp'' are endemic<br><small>Sourced from Percherie 2006 Wikimedia Commons]]</small>
[[File:Borreliose.png|thumb|Map of the areas where ''Borrelia spp'' are endemic<br><small>Sourced from Percherie 2006 Wikimedia Commons]]</small>
Lyme disease descibes the clinical syndrome caused by infection with ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'' sensu lato in humans, dogs, horses, cattle and sheep. The disease is named after the town of [http://townlyme.org/ Lyme] in Connecticut, USA where clinical cases were first described in humans in 1975. Since its identification, analysis of historical samples of ticks has shown that ''B. burgdorferi'' has been present in Europe and North America since at least the start of the twentieth Century<ref>Marshall WF 3rd, Telford SR 3rd, Rys PN, Rutledge BJ, Mathiesen D, Malawista SE, Spielman A, Persing DH. '''Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in museum specimens of Peromyscus leucopus.''' ''J Infect Dis. 1994 Oct;170(4):1027-32.''</ref><ref>Hubbard MJ, Baker AS, Cann KJ. '''Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. spirochaete DNA in British ticks (Argasidae and Ixodidae) since the 19th century, assessed by PCR.''' ''Med Vet Entomol. 1998 Jan;12(1):89-97.''</ref>.
Lyme disease descibes the clinical syndrome caused by infection with ''[[Borrelia burgdorferi]]'' sensu lato in humans, dogs, horses, cattle and sheep. The disease is named after the town of [http://townlyme.org/ Lyme] in Connecticut, USA where clinical cases were first described in humans in 1975. Since its identification, analysis of historical samples of ticks has shown that ''B. burgdorferi'' has been present in Europe and North America since at least the start of the twentieth Century<ref>Marshall WF 3rd, Telford SR 3rd, Rys PN, Rutledge BJ, Mathiesen D, Malawista SE, Spielman A, Persing DH. '''Detection of Borrelia burgdorferi DNA in museum specimens of Peromyscus leucopus.''' ''J Infect Dis. 1994 Oct;170(4):1027-32.''</ref><ref>Hubbard MJ, Baker AS, Cann KJ. '''Distribution of Borrelia burgdorferi s.l. spirochaete DNA in British ticks (Argasidae and Ixodidae) since the 19th century, assessed by PCR.''' ''Med Vet Entomol. 1998 Jan;12(1):89-97.''</ref>.
*Infection of the joints may result in non-erosive '''arthritis''', causing intermittent bouts of shifting lameness.
*Infection of the joints may result in non-erosive '''arthritis''', causing intermittent bouts of shifting lameness.
*Disease in the heart may cause [[Myocarditis|'''myocarditis''']] with [[Atrio-Ventricular Block|atrio-ventricular block]] and dysrhythmias. This is rare in the UK.
*Disease in the heart may cause [[Myocarditis|'''myocarditis''']] with [[Atrio-Ventricular Block|atrio-ventricular block]] and dysrhythmias. This is rare in the UK.
*'''Lyme Nephritis''' is a form of '''glomerulonephritis''' that may result in acute [[Kidney Renal Failure - Pathology|renal failure]]. This form of renal failure has been described in dogs that were seropositive for ''B. burgdorferi'' sensu stricto in the USA but extensive molecular searches failed to reveal the presence of actual bacteria in the kidneys of affected dogs<ref>Hutton TA, Goldstein RE, Njaa BL, Atwater DZ, Chang YF, Simpson KW. '''Search for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs with suspected "Lyme nephritis".''' ''J Vet Intern Med. 2008 Jul-Aug;22(4):860-5.''</ref>. This form of disease has never been replicated in experimental infections. Associations have been suggested between proteinuria and ''Borrelia'' seroprevalnce, particularly in the Bernese Mountain dog breed. Lyme nephritis, if it is a true phenomenon, occurs much more commonly in the USA than in Europe.
*'''Lyme Nephritis''' is a form of '''glomerulonephritis''' that may result in acute [[:Category:Renal Failure|renal failure]]. This form of renal failure has been described in dogs that were seropositive for ''B. burgdorferi'' sensu stricto in the USA but extensive molecular searches failed to reveal the presence of actual bacteria in the kidneys of affected dogs<ref>Hutton TA, Goldstein RE, Njaa BL, Atwater DZ, Chang YF, Simpson KW. '''Search for Borrelia burgdorferi in kidneys of dogs with suspected "Lyme nephritis".''' ''J Vet Intern Med. 2008 Jul-Aug;22(4):860-5.''</ref>. This form of disease has never been replicated in experimental infections. Associations have been suggested between proteinuria and ''Borrelia'' seroprevalnce, particularly in the Bernese Mountain dog breed. Lyme nephritis, if it is a true phenomenon, occurs much more commonly in the USA than in Europe.
*Presence of organisms in the brain or spinal cord may cause '''neurological signs''' due to meningitis or encephalitis.
*Presence of organisms in the brain or spinal cord may cause '''neurological signs''' due to meningitis or encephalitis.
'''Horses''' may suffer similar clinical signs of shifting '''lameness''', '''uveitis''', '''nephritis''', '''hepatitis''' and '''encephalitis'''.
'''Horses''' may suffer similar clinical signs of shifting '''lameness''', '''uveitis''', '''nephritis''', '''hepatitis''' and '''encephalitis'''.
'''Cattle''' and '''sheep''' may suffer from '''shifting lameness'''. Other tickborne infections may be introduced concurrently, including ''[[Tick-borne fever|Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and [[Louping Ill]].
'''Cattle''' and '''sheep''' may suffer from '''shifting lameness'''. Other tickborne infections may be introduced concurrently, including ''[[Tick-Borne Fever|Anaplasma phagocytophilum]]'', ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' and [[Louping Ill]].
===Laboratory Tests===
===Laboratory Tests===
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
Prognostication is difficult as the clinical presentation varies so widely between animals. With the exception of those animals with Lyme nephritis, the response to treatment is generally good, even if the bacteria are eliminated.
Prognostication is difficult as the clinical presentation varies so widely between animals. With the exception of those animals with Lyme nephritis, the response to treatment is generally good, even if the bacteria are eliminated.
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?rowId=1&options1=AND&q1=Lyme&occuring1=title&rowId=2&options2=OR&q2=Borreliosis&occuring2=title&rowId=3&options3=AND&q3=&occuring3=freetext&publishedstart=2000&publishedend=yyyy&calendarInput=yyyy-mm-dd&la=any&it=any&show=all&x=61&y=12 Borreliosis publications]
|full text = [http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2009/20093115231.pdf ''' Lyme disease and the Lyme vaccine.''' Goldstein, R. E.; The North American Veterinary Conference, Gainesville, USA, Small animal and exotics. Proceedings of the North American Veterinary Conference, Orlando, Florida, USA, 17-21 January, 2009, 2009, pp 618-620]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073017453.pdf '''Lyme disease - an emerging zoonotic diseases.''' Pillai, U. N.; Vijayakumar, K.; Intas Pharmaceuticals Ltd, Ahmedabad, India, Intas Polivet, 2006, 7, 2, pp 337-340, 11 ref.]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2005/20053193213.pdf ''' Equine Lyme disease: a review of experimental disease production, treatment efficacy, and vaccine protection.''' Divers, T. J.; Chang, Y. F.; McDonough, S. P.; American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP), Lexington, USA, Proceedings of the 49th Annual Convention of the American Association of Equine Practitioners, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA, 21-25 November 2003, 2003, pp 391-393, 15 ref.]
}}
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Category:To_Do_-_James]]
[[Category:Dog]][[Category:Sheep]][[Category:Cattle]][[Category:Zoonoses]]
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[[Category:Urological Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Cardiovascular Diseases - Dog]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Sheep]][[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Cattle]][[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Expert_Review]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal Disorders - Horse]][[Category:Alimentary_Disorders_-_Horse]][[Category:Neurological_Disorders_-_Horse]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Liver Diseases - Horse]][[Category:Neurological Diseases - Horse]]