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Materno-fetal Immunity Flashcards (view source)
Revision as of 16:46, 17 March 2012
, 16:46, 17 March 2012no edit summary
===Passive Transfer and Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT)===
<FlashCard questions="10">
|q1=How can antibodies be transferred between individuals?
|a1=
*Colostrum
*Crossing of the placenta
*Milk
*Vaccination
*Plasma transfusions
==<font color="purple">Passive Transfer and Failure of Passive Transfer (FPT)</font>==
|l1=Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction
|q2=Why do neonates require maternal antibodies?
|a2=
*Immunocompromised at birth due to a poorly developed immune system
*Mucosal surfaces are particularly vunerable
*Colostral and milk antibodies protect neonates from infection
|l2=Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q3=In which animals is there no passive transfer of IgG antibodies across the placenta?
*'''''Colostrum'''''
|a3=
*'''''Crossing of the placenta'''''
*Ruminants
*'''''Milk'''''
*Horses
*'''''Vaccination'''''
*Pigs
*'''''Plasma transfusions'''''
|l3=Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|q4=What type of placenta do dogs and cats have?
|a4=Endotheliochorial
|l4=Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q5=What does colostrum contain?
*'''''Immunocompromised at birth due to a poorly developed immune system'''''
|a5=
*'''''Mucosal surfaces are particularly vunerable'''''
*Immune factors
*'''''Colostral and milk antibodies protect neonates from infection'''''
*Growth factors
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*Vitamins
*Minerals
|l5=Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q6=Which immunoglobulins are present in colostrum?
*'''''Ruminants'''''
|a6=
*'''''Horses'''''
*IgG in the largest amount
*'''''Pigs'''''
*IgA
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Passive transfer via placenta|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*IgM
|l6=Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction
|q7=True or False: IgA is most abundent in ruminant milk
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a7=
*False
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*IgG is most abundent in ruminant milk
*IgA is most abundent in non-ruminant milk
|l7=Materno-Fetal Immunity - Introduction
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q8=When does inadequate absorption of immunoglobulins occur in the neonate?
*'''''Immune factors'''''
|a8=
*'''''Growth factors'''''
*The neonate does not recieve colostrum
*'''''Vitamins'''''
*The neonate does not recieve enough colostrum
*'''''Minerals'''''
*The neonate does not absorb enough colostrum
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Passive transfer via colostrum|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*The quality of the colostrum was inadequate
|l8=Failure of Passive Transfer
|q9=What does colostrum quality depend upon?
||<font color="white"> <big>
|a9=
*'''''IgG in the largest amount'''''
*Breed
*'''''IgA'''''
*Nutrition
*'''''IgM'''''
*Season
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Passive transfer via colostrum|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*Stress
*Immunostatus of the dam
*Milk yield
||<font color="white"> <big>
*Pre-milking
*'''''False'''''
*Parity
*'''''IgG is most abundent in ruminant milk'''''
*Dripping from the teats
*'''''IgA is most abundent in non-ruminant milk'''''
|l9=Failure of Passive Transfer
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Passive transfer via colostrum|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|q10=What does the quantity of colostrum depend upon?
|a10=
*Amount the neonate suckles
||<font color="white"> <big>
*Premature births
*'''''The neonate does not recieve colostrum'''''
|l10=Failure of Passive Transfer
*'''''The neonate does not recieve enough colostrum'''''
</FlashCard>
*'''''The neonate does not absorb enough colostrum'''''
===Testing Colostrum Quality===
*'''''The quality of the colostrum was inadequate'''''
<FlashCard questions="9">
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Failure of passive transfer (FPT)|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|q1=True or False: Colostrum quality can not be determined by appearance
|a1=True
|l1=Colostrum Quality Testing
||<font color="white"> <big>
|q2=How can colostrum be stored without reducing its immunological potential?
*'''''Breed'''''
|a2=
*'''''Nutrition'''''
*Freezing immediately will make the colostrum last for a year
*'''''Season'''''
*Refridgerating immediately will make the colostrum last for 5-7 days
*'''''Stress'''''
|l2=Colostrum Quality Testing
*'''''Immunostatus of the dam'''''
|q3=How can the immune status of colostrum be tested?
*'''''Milk yield'''''
|a3=
*'''''Pre-milking'''''
*By a colostrometer
*'''''Parity'''''
*Through using the Zinc Sulfate Turbidity (ZST) test
*'''''Dripping from the teats'''''
*Total serum protein can be calculated
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Failure of passive transfer (FPT)|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l3=Colostrum Quality Testing
|q4=Which immunoglobulin levels does a colostrometer measure?
|a4=IgG
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l4=Colostrum Quality Testing
*'''''Amount the neonate suckles'''''
|q5=Why must colostrum be tested by a colostrometer at room temperature (20°C)?
*'''''Premature births'''''
|a5=
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Failure of passive transfer (FPT)|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
*Above 20°C levels of IgG will be underestimated
*Below 20°C levels of IgG will be overestimated
|l5=Colostrum Quality Testing
|q6=What levels of ZST units would indicate a healthy amount of passive transfer in calves?
==<font color="purple">Testing Colostrum Quality</font>==
|a6=Above 30 ZST units
|l6=Colostrum Quality Testing
|q7=What levels of serum immunoglobulin would indicate a healthy amount of passive transfer in foals?
|a7=Above 800 mg/dl
|l7=Colostrum Quality Testing
|q8=What is total serum protein levels measured by and at which ages should neonates be tested?
|a8=
||<font color="white"> <big>
*A refractometer
*2-8 days old
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Testing colostrum quality|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|l8=Colostrum Quality Testing
|q9=What levels of serum protein indicate the neonate is healthy and does not require further colostrum?
|a9=Above 4.5 mg/dl
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l9=Colostrum Quality Testing
*'''''Freezing immediately will make the colostrum last for a year'''''
</FlashCard>
*'''''Refridgerating immediately will make the colostrum last for 5-7 days'''''
===Neonatal Isoerythrolysis (NI)===
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Testing colostrum quality|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
<FlashCard questions="3">
|q1=When does alloimmune haemalytic anaemia occur?
|a1=
||<font color="white"> <big>
*When a neonate inherits the sires blood type and drinks colostrum from the dam
*'''''By a colostometer'''''
*As the colostrum contains antibodies against the sire and thus the neonates red blood cells
*'''''Through using the Zinc Sulfate Turbidity (ZST) test'''''
|l1=Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
*'''''Total serum protein can be calculated'''''
|q2=When does Neonatal Isoerythrolysis occur?
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Testing colostrum quality|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a2=
*First pregnancy from a stallion with incompatible blood type to the mare
*Subsequent pregnancy from the same stallion or same blood group as previously exposed to
||<font color="white"> <big>
|l2=Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
|q3=True or False: Neonatal Isoerythrolysis always occurs in mules
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Colostrometer|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
|a3=True
|-
|l3=Neonatal Isoerythrolysis
</FlashCard>
||<font color="white"> <big>
<br><br>
*'''''Above 20°C levels of IgG will be underestimated'''''
{{Jim Bee 2007}}
*'''''Below 20°C levels of IgG will be overestimated'''''
[[Category:Materno-Fetal Immunity|Z]]
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Testing colostrum quality|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
[[Category:Immunology Flashcards]]
|}
==<font color="purple">Alloimmune Haemalytic Anaemia of the Newborn</font>==
|-
|<big>'''How can antibodies be transferred between individuals?'''
||<font color="white"> <big>
*'''''Colostrum'''''
*'''''Crossing of the placenta'''''
||[[Materno-fetal immunity - WikiBlood#Introduction|<span title="Answer article">Link to Answer Article</span>]]
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