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{{Podcasts
|link = https://bloomsbury.mediacore.tv/podcasts/wikivet-english/mycoplasma-synoviae}}
{{Taxobox
{{Taxobox
|name = ''Mycoplasma synoviae''
|name = ''Mycoplasma synoviae''
|species = ''M.synoviae''
|species = ''M.synoviae''
}}
}}
Also Known As: '''''Infectious Synovitis''''' — '''''Avian Mycoplasmosis''''' — '''''Infectious Sinusitis''''' — '''''Mycoplasma Arthritis'''''
Also Known As — '''''Infectious synovitis''''' — '''''Avian mycoplasmosis''''' — '''''Infectious sinusitis''''' — '''''Mycoplasma arthritis'''''
==Introduction==
==Introduction==
''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria | bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and '''respiratory''' system of '''birds'''.
''M. synoviae'' causes '''[[Bacteria |bacterial]]''' disease affecting the '''joints, bones''' and [[Avian Respiration - Anatomy & Physiology|'''respiratory''' system of '''birds''']]. It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas |mycoplasma]] genus of bacteria.
It is one of the [[Mycoplasmas | mycoplasma]] genus’ of bacteria.
''M; synoviae'' shares some antigens with [[Mycoplasma gallisepticum |''M. gallisepticum'']] which causes chronic respiratory disease in poultry, but is distinct by most serological tests.
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''.
''M. synoviae'' is endemic in parts of Europe and causes significant production losses particularly in '''egg production'''. Very recently the mycoplasma has been associated with eggshell apex abnormalities (EAA)<ref>Catania, S., Bilato, D., Gobbo, F., Granato, A., Iob, L and Nicholas R.A.J. (2010) '''Treatment of egg-shell abnormalities and reduced egg production caused by ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' infection.''' ''Avian Diseases'' 54, 961-964</ref>.
==Distribution==
==Distribution==
Thought to likely be worldwide but recording is unreliable.
Thought to be worldwide but recording is unreliable.
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
Mycoplasma can be '''transmitted''' to progeny through '''eggs''' and through '''direct and indirect contact''' between birds.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
The bacterium affects mainly '''chickens''' and turkeys, with chickens being the most susceptible. It can also affect game and wild birds.
==Clinical Signs==
==Clinical Signs==
Most birds exhibit '''lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet and a stiff gait.
Most birds exhibit '''lameness, abnormal curvature''' of the limbs, deviation of the limbs and feet and a stiff gait. '''Dehydration and decreased production''' usually manifest and birds are reluctant to move.
'''Dehydration and decreased production''' usually manifest and birds are reluctant to move.
'''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''' and open mouth breathing are common but non-specific.
'''Tachypnoea, sneezing, purulent nasal discharge''' and open mouth breathing are common but non-specific.
Torticollis and other neurological signs may occur in some severe cases.
Torticollis and other neurological signs may occur in some severe cases.
EAA is characterised by defects at the apex (pointed end) of the egg consisting of sharp clearly defined discoloured zones which are thin, soft and fragile. It can result in a significant drop in egg quality and production.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not pathognomic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.
Clinical '''signs''' and '''necropsy''' findings are suggestive but not pathognomonic so laboratory diagnosis is necessary.
On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident.
On '''post-mortem, air sacculitis and arthritis''' with a '''caseous exudate''' are evident.
Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds.
Bacteria can be '''isolated''' and '''cultured from wet swabs''' of the trachea, oropharynx, eye, nose or cloaca in live birds. If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken.
If sampling a dead bird, '''sterile''' samples of '''synovial fluid''' and air sac samples should be taken.
''M. synoviae'' can then be definitively identified by '''[[immunofluorescence]]''' and '''PCR'''.
[[ELISA testing |'''ELISAs''']] can be used for serological diagnosis and are excellent for detecting antibodies in egg yolk which is valuable for flock status investigation. However the slide agglutination test (SAT) is still widely used in industry.
Specific immunoblotting tests are available in some specialist laboratories to confirm results of the ELISAs and SATs.
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.
''M. synoviae'' is susceptible to '''tilmicosin, tylosin, enrofloxacin''' and '''oxytetacyclines''' in vitro but resistance is increasing in vivo.
Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.
Eggs can be '''dipped''' in cold '''chlortetracycline''' antibiotic solution for 15-20 minutes or '''heat treated''' to 46-47⁰ for 11-14 hours prior to incubation.
==Control==
==Control==
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.
Control is hampered by the increasing resistance of ''M. synoviae'' to antibiotics.
A vaccine containing a temperature-sensitive strain (MS-H) of Mycoplasma synoviae is currently used in many countries around the world. The duration of protective immunity is at least 40 weeks and has been shown to be protective against EAA.
{{Learning
{{Learning
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A+%28Mycoplasma+synoviae%29/ ''M synoviae Publications]
|literature search = [http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=title%3A%28%22Mycoplasma+synoviae%22%29 ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' publications]
|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards | ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' Flashcards]]
|flashcards = [[Mycoplasma synoviae Flashcards | ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' Flashcards]]
}}
}}
==References==
==References==
<references/>
<references/>
{{CABI source
|datasheet = [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=74542&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Mycoplasma synoviae''] and [http://www.cabi.org/ahpc/?compid=3&dsid=74552&loadmodule=datasheet&page=2144&site=160 ''Mycoplasma synoviae'' infections]
|date =6 June 2011
}}
<br><br>
{{Robin Nicholas
|date = 31 August 2011
==Literature Search==
}}
{{OpenPages}}
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:Mycoplasmas]]
[[Category:To Do - CABI review]]
[[Category:Avian Bacteria]]
[[Category:Respiratory Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:Musculoskeletal Diseases - Birds]]
[[Category:CABI Expert Review Completed]][[Category:CABI AHPC Pages]]