| Line 22: |
Line 22: |
| | ** Assess the results of treatment. | | ** Assess the results of treatment. |
| | * It must be remembered that there are several types of proliferative change, and neoplasia must be distinguised from these. | | * It must be remembered that there are several types of proliferative change, and neoplasia must be distinguised from these. |
| − | ** In addition to neoplasia, [[Disorders of Cell Growth - Pathology#Hyperplasia|hyperplasia]] and [[Disorders of Cell Growth - Pathology#Dysplasia|dysplasia]] are also proliferative changes. | + | ** In addition to neoplasia, [[Cell Growth Disorders#Hyperplasia|hyperplasia]] and [[Cell Growth Disorders#Dysplasia|dysplasia]] are also proliferative changes. |
| | * Inflammatory, repair and granuloma lesions may also masquerade as neoplasms. | | * Inflammatory, repair and granuloma lesions may also masquerade as neoplasms. |
| | ** However, destructive or necrotic tumours may have inflammation present. | | ** However, destructive or necrotic tumours may have inflammation present. |
| | * Unlike inflammation, hyperplasia or dysplasia, neoplastic cells show uncontrolled proliferation in the absence of a triggering stimulus. | | * Unlike inflammation, hyperplasia or dysplasia, neoplastic cells show uncontrolled proliferation in the absence of a triggering stimulus. |
| | | | |
| − | ===Categories of Classifiaction=== | + | ===Categories of Classification=== |
| | | | |
| | * Tumours are classified by: | | * Tumours are classified by: |
| Line 511: |
Line 511: |
| | *#* E.g. neuropathies, cerebellar degeneration, encaphalitis. | | *#* E.g. neuropathies, cerebellar degeneration, encaphalitis. |
| | *# Bone marrow malfunction. | | *# Bone marrow malfunction. |
| − | *#* E.g. [[Haemorrhage - Pathology#Purpura|purpuric disease]], anaemia, [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|disseminated intravascular coagulation]]. | + | *#* E.g. [[Haemorrhage#Purpura|purpuric disease]], anaemia, [[Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation|disseminated intravascular coagulation]]. |
| | | | |
| | ===Endocrine Aspects=== | | ===Endocrine Aspects=== |
| Line 635: |
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| | ** Also recorded in Iceland, Norway, New Zealand and Australia. | | ** Also recorded in Iceland, Norway, New Zealand and Australia. |
| | * Affects mature sheep up to 6 years of age. | | * Affects mature sheep up to 6 years of age. |
| − | * Animals are cachectic and show [[Oedema - Pathology#Introduction|ascites]]. | + | * Animals are cachectic and show [[Oedema#Introduction|ascites]]. |
| | * Tumours are ususally found in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]. | | * Tumours are ususally found in the [[Small Intestine Overview - Anatomy & Physiology|small intestine]]. |
| | ** Are annular, causing stenosis. | | ** Are annular, causing stenosis. |
| Line 680: |
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| | ====Lymphoid Neoplasms==== | | ====Lymphoid Neoplasms==== |
| | | | |
| − | | + | See [[Lymphoma]] |
| − | * '''Lymphoma''', '''malignant lymphoma''' and '''lymphosarcoma''' are different terms for the same condition.
| |
| − | | |
| − | ===== Classification=====
| |
| − | | |
| − | * '''Cytological classification'''.
| |
| − | ** Well differentiaed (lymphocytic)
| |
| − | *** The malignant cells represent normal lymphocytes, although in excessive numbers.
| |
| − | ** Poorly differentiated (lymphoblastic).
| |
| − | *** The malignant cells represent atypical lymphocytic cells with lymphoblastic characteristics.
| |
| − | * '''Tumour distribution'''
| |
| − | ** Nodular/ follicular.
| |
| − | *** A well organised pattern of slow growth.
| |
| − | *** No metastasis.
| |
| − | *** Are of the B-lymphocyte type.
| |
| − | ** Diffuse.
| |
| − | *** Result in effacement of normal lymphoid architecture by a very homogeneous population of lymphoid cells.
| |
| − | * '''Anatomical classification'''
| |
| − | ** Thymic.
| |
| − | ** Only the [[Thymus - Anatomy & Physiology|thymus]].
| |
| − | ** Alimentary.
| |
| − | *** Gut and associated lymphoid tissue.
| |
| − | ** Multicentric.
| |
| − | *** Widespread involvement of lymph nodes.
| |
| − | ** Cutaneous lymphoma.
| |
| − | *** Usually presents as generalised skin disease, but is a malignant transformation of T cells with a propensity for pithelial sites
| |
| − | * '''Type of lymphocyte'''
| |
| − | ** T-cell.
| |
| − | ** B-cell.
| |
| − | ** NK-cell.
| |
| − | * '''Time scale'''
| |
| − | ** Acute.
| |
| − | ** Chronic.
| |
| − | | |
| − | =====Prevalence=====
| |
| − | | |
| − | * Order of prevalence in UK: cats, dogs, cattle, pigs and sheep.
| |
| − | ** In the cat and ox, viral agents have been identified as the causal agents.
| |
| − | * Lymphoma is one of the prevalent neoplasms in the dog.
| |
| − | ** 80% of cases affect the 5 to 11 year old age group.
| |
| − | ** The incidence is about 28 per 100,000 dogs.
| |
| − | ** Blood of affected dogs shows neither a relative nor absolute increase in the number of lymphocytes until the late stages of the disease.
| |
| − | *** When this stage is reached, poorly differentiated cells may appear in the blood.
| |
| − | * FeLV is an important cause of lymphoma in the cat.
| |
| − | ** 70% of cats with lymphoma will test positive for FeLV.
| |
| − | ** FeLV also causes a number of non-neoplastic diseases.
| |
| − | *** Anaemia.
| |
| − | *** Leukopaenia.
| |
| − | *** Thymic atrophy.
| |
| − | * Cattle suffer both lymphosarcoma and leukosis in a variety of cytological forms.
| |
| − | ** Bovine lymphoma is caused by Bovine Leukaemia Virus (BLV).
| |
| − | *** A retrovirus.
| |
| − | *** There is a juvenile form of bovine lymphoma seen in young cattle which is not associated with BLV.
| |
| − | | |
| − | =====Species Differences=====
| |
| − | | |
| − | * The form of the disease may differe between species.
| |
| − | * '''Feline'''
| |
| − | ** Alimentary.
| |
| − | *** Affects the mesenteric lymph nodes, intestine, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], spleen , and potentially the kidney.
| |
| − | ** Thymic
| |
| − | *** Presents as a thymis mass, also in the mediastinal lymph nodes.
| |
| − | *** The pleural lymph nodes and the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] may potentially be affected.
| |
| − | ** Multicentric
| |
| − | *** Found in the peripheral and deep lymph nodes, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and spleen.
| |
| − | **** The kidney may sometimes be affected.
| |
| − | ** Renal
| |
| − | *** The kidney and other abdominal organs are affected.
| |
| − | ** Leukaemic
| |
| − | *** Affects the bone marrow alone.
| |
| − | *** This form is rare.
| |
| − | * '''Canine'''
| |
| − | ** Alimentary.
| |
| − | *** Affects the mesenteric lymph nodes, pancreatic lymph nodes, intestine, and potentially the [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]].
| |
| − | ** Thymic.
| |
| − | *** Thymic and mediastinal masses.
| |
| − | ** Multicentric.
| |
| − | *** Affects the peripheral and deep lymph nodes, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], spleen and kidney.
| |
| − | * '''Bovine'''
| |
| − | ** Thymic.
| |
| − | *** Mainly affects adults.
| |
| − | *** Thymic and mediastinal masses.
| |
| − | *** Some lymph nodes are also affected.
| |
| − | ** Multicentric.
| |
| − | *** Mainly affects yopung adults.
| |
| − | *** Affects the peripheral and deep lymph nodes, spleen, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]] and kidney.
| |
| − | * '''Equine'''
| |
| − | ** Takes mainly an alimentary form.
| |
| − | ** Can rarely be cutaneous.
| |
| − | * '''Porcine'''
| |
| − | ** Mainly multicentric.
| |
| − | *** Lymph nodes, [[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]], spleen.
| |
| − | * '''Ovine'''
| |
| − | ** Uncommon.
| |
| − | ** May be multicentric or thymic.
| |
| | | | |
| | ====Lymphocytic Leukaemia==== | | ====Lymphocytic Leukaemia==== |