Changes

==The Renal Corpuscle==

==The Renal Corpuscle==

* These capillaries do not connect to venules as with other capillaries

* These capillaries do not connect to venules as with other capillaries

* Blood flows into these capillaries through a wide afferent arteriole and leaves through a narrower efferent arteriole

* Blood flows into these capillaries through a wide afferent arteriole and leaves through a narrower efferent arteriole

* The flow from the efferant arteriole enters the [[Peritubular Capillaries - Anatomy & Physiology|peritubular capillaries]] surrounding the [[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology| Proximal Tubule]]

* The flow from the efferant arteriole enters the [[Glomerular Apparatus and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology#Pressure in the Peritubular Capillaries|peritubular capillaries]] surrounding the proximal tubule

* This change in diameter maintains a high filtration pressure which is essential for filtration

* This change in diameter maintains a high filtration pressure which is essential for filtration

* Also the blood entering the afferent arteriole is at very high pressure already as it from the renal artery

* Also the blood entering the afferent arteriole is at very high pressure already as it from the renal artery

* The pressure actually forces molecules through the '''glomerular filtration barrier''' which is responsible for selectively filtering the blood forming the glomerular filtrate.

* The pressure actually forces molecules through the [[Glomerular Apparatus and Filtration - Anatomy & Physiology#Glomerular Filtration|'''glomerular filtration barrier''']] which is responsible for selectively filtering the blood forming the glomerular filtrate.

* As well as the the cells in the blood vessels the other component of the glomerulus are the mesangial cells:

* As well as the the cells in the blood vessels the other component of the glomerulus are the mesangial cells:

** These give support to the glomerulus

** These give support to the glomerulus

* Surrounds the capillaries of the glomerulus

* Surrounds the capillaries of the glomerulus

* Has two layers

* Has two layers separated by the '''urinary space'''

** Inner visceral layer - Podocytes

** Inner visceral layer - Podocytes

** Outer parietal layer

** Outer parietal layer

* It is here where the filtrate is collected before entering the proximal tubule

* It is here where the filtrate is collected before entering the proximal tubule

==Proximal Tubule==

==Proximal Tubule==

** Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for exchange

** Lots of mitochondria to provide energy for exchange

** Lots of Na⁺ / K⁺ ATPases to maintain ion levels in cells at right level to allow efficient take up of ions from lumen

** Lots of Na⁺ / K⁺ ATPases to maintain ion levels in cells at right level to allow efficient take up of ions from lumen

==The Loop of Henle==

==The Loop of Henle==

The loop of henle basically consists of two parallel limbs which descend from the cortex into the medulla.  They are joined at the bottom and as such the flow moves down one limb and up the other in opposite directions.  This sets up a counter current exchanger and allows the loop of henle to be the major site of water reabsorption along the nephron.  It has three parts; the thin decsending limb, the thin ascending limb and the thick ascending limb

The loop of henle basically consists of two parallel limbs which descend from the cortex into the medulla.  They are joined at the bottom and as such the flow moves down one limb and up the other in opposite directions.  This sets up a counter current exchange and allows the loop of henle to be the major site of water reabsorption along the nephron.  It has three parts; the thin decsending limb, the thin ascending limb and the thick ascending limb

==The Vasa Recta==

===The Physiology of the Loop of Henle===

Vasa Recta is the name given to blood vessels supplying the medullary region of the kidney.  They are arranged in a U configuration but flow is opposite to that of the [[Loop Of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology | Loop of Henle]].  The blood vessels descend from the cortex down into the medulla.  Its supplies the nutrients and oxygen the [[Loop Of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology | Loop of Henle]] needs.

Details of the physiology of the loop of henle can be found [[Reabsorption and Secretion Along the Loop of Henle - Anatomy & Physiology|here]]

==The Distal Tubule==

==The Distal Tubule==

** Straight part - connects the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle to the convoluted distal tubule

** Straight part - connects the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle to the convoluted distal tubule

** Convoluted part - connects the straight part to the connecting duct

** Convoluted part - connects the straight part to the connecting duct

* No brush border - very few micro villi (compared to the [[Proximal Tubule - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomy | Proximal Tubule]]))

* No brush border - very few micro villi (compared to the proximal tubule)

* The basal lamina is striated to increase the surface area for reabsorption

* The basal lamina is striated to increase the surface area for reabsorption

==Collecting Duct==

==Collecting Duct==

* The collecting duct has 2 cell types

* The collecting duct has 2 cell types

** Intercalated cells

** Intercalated cells

** Principal Cells

** Principal cells

* The cells are flat to cylindrical

* The cells are flat to cylindrical

* Have clearly visible cell borders

* Have clearly visible cell borders

==Blood Supply to the Nephron==

==Blood Supply to the Nephron==

The blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole.  It is filtered by the glomerulus and what remains in the blood vessels leaves this structure via the efferent arteriole.  The vessel then winds around the proximal tubule and is thus called a peritubular capillary.  As it works its way along the tubule it collects the reabsorbed substances which it originally lost in the glomerulus.  As the tubule descends into the medulla and becomes the Loop of Henle the blood vessel follows it and becomes what is known as the vasa recta.  Upon its exit from the the medulla it wraps itself around the distal tubule.

The blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole.  It is filtered by the glomerulus and what remains in the blood vessels leaves this structure via the efferent arteriole.  The vessel then winds around the proximal tubule and is thus called a peritubular capillary.  As it works its way along the tubule it collects the reabsorbed substances which it originally lost in the glomerulus.  As the tubule descends into the medulla and becomes the Loop of Henle the blood vessel follows it and becomes what is known as the vasa recta.  Upon its exit from the the medulla it wraps itself around the distal tubule.