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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive System|'''BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM''']]</center></big>
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| + | ==Stages of Parturition== |
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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive_System#Parturition|'''BACK TO PARTURITION''']]</center></big>
| + | *Stage 1: this is the preparatory stage, starting at the onset of regular uterine contractions followed by cervical dilatation and the foetus assuming the correct disposition for passage through the birth canal. |
| + | *Stage 2: the expulsive stage, characterised by the onset of abdominal contractions which together with uterine contractions lead to foetal expulsion |
| + | *Stage 3: separation and expulsion of the foetal membranes. In polycotous species second and third stages are often inter-mixed. |
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| + | The following table summarises the normal time taken to progress through the stages of parturition in different species. |
| + | {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1" |
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| + | !'''Species''' |
| + | !'''Mare''' |
| + | !'''Cow''' |
| + | !'''Ewe''' |
| + | !'''Sow''' |
| + | !'''Bitch''' |
| + | |- |
| + | | '''Stage 1: Contractions and Cervical Dilation''' |
| + | | 1-4 hours |
| + | | 2-6 hours |
| + | | 2-6 hours |
| + | | 2-12 hours |
| + | | 6-12 hours |
| + | |- |
| + | | '''Stage 2: Foetal Expulsion''' |
| + | | 12-30 minutes |
| + | | 30 minutes - 4 hours |
| + | | 30-120 minutes |
| + | | 150-180 minutes |
| + | | 6 hours (up to 24 hours with large litters) |
| + | |- |
| + | | '''Stage 3: Placental Expulsion''' |
| + | | 1 hour |
| + | | 6-12 hours |
| + | | 5-8 hours |
| + | | 1-4 hours |
| + | | Placenta Exits with Foetus |
| + | |- |
| + | |} |
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− | * The Process by which the conceptus (foetus, placenta and placental membranes) are expelled from the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Uterus]] requires:
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− | ** [[Parturition - Cervical Softening - Anatomy & Physiology|Cervical Softening]]
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− | ** [[Parturition - Coordinated Myometrial Contraction - Anatomy & Physiology|Coordinated Myometrial Contraction]]
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− | ** Voluntary contraction of abdominal muscles
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− | == Placental Expulsion ==
| + | The step in the reproductive process that immediately precedes lactation, uterine involution and return to cyclicity. It is initiated by the foetus and involves a complex cascade of endocrine events. Parturition is the process by which the conceptus (foetus, placenta and placental membranes) is expelled from the [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology|uterus]]; this requires [[Cervical Softening - Anatomy & Physiology|cervical softening]],[[Uterine Contraction - Anatomy & Physiology|coordinated myometrial contractions]] and contraction of abdominal muscles |
| + | to occur |
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− | In most species, expulsion of foetal membranes quickly follows expulsion of the foetus.
| + | == Placental Changes == |
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− | * After the birth of the young, regular abdominal contractions largely cease.
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− | * Myometrial contractions persist.
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− | ** Decreased amplitude, but become more frequent and less regular.
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− | ** Important for dehiscence and expulsion of foetal membranes.
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− | * Waves of contractions from uterus to the cervix persist.
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− | ** Act in a peristaltic fashion in the cow and sow in the reverse direction.
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− | | |
− | === Placental Changes ===
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| During the last 5 days of gestation, there are changes in the placenta. | | During the last 5 days of gestation, there are changes in the placenta. |
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| * Weakening of the acellular protein layer between cotyledonary and caruncular epithelium. | | * Weakening of the acellular protein layer between cotyledonary and caruncular epithelium. |
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− | === Contractions ===
| + | == Contractions == |
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| * Open endometrial crypts | | * Open endometrial crypts |
| * Foetal villi have shrunk due to the escape of blood from the foetal side of the placenta when the umbillical cord ruptures. | | * Foetal villi have shrunk due to the escape of blood from the foetal side of the placenta when the umbillical cord ruptures. |
− | * Myometrial contractions aid exsanguination of the placenta. | + | * [[Uterine Contraction - Anatomy & Physiology|Myometrial contractions]] aid exsanguination of the placenta. |
| * Separation of foetal membranes. | | * Separation of foetal membranes. |
| * Apex of the allantochorionic sac becomes inverted. | | * Apex of the allantochorionic sac becomes inverted. |
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| ** Not the mare or camelids. | | ** Not the mare or camelids. |
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| + | == Placental Expulsion == |
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| + | In most species, expulsion of foetal membranes quickly follows expulsion of the foetus. |
| + | |
| + | * After the birth of the young, regular abdominal contractions largely cease. |
| + | * Myometrial contractions persist. |
| + | ** Decreased amplitude, but become more frequent and less regular. |
| + | ** Important for dehiscence and expulsion of foetal membranes. |
| + | * Waves of contractions from uterus to the cervix persist. |
| + | ** Act in a peristaltic fashion in the cow and sow in the reverse direction. |
| + | |
| + | |
| + | == Parturition Behaviour == |
| + | |
| + | === [[Parturition Behaviour - Mare|Mare]] === |
| + | |
| + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Cow| Cow]] === |
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| + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Ewe| Ewe]] === |
| + | |
| + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Sow| Sow]] === |
| + | |
| + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Bitch| Bitch]] === |
| + | |
| + | ===[[Parturition Behaviour - Cat| Cat]] === |
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− | {| style="width:75%; height:200px" border="1"
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− | !'''Species'''
| + | {{OpenPages}} |
− | !'''Mare'''
| + | [[Category:Parturition]] |
− | !'''Cow'''
| + | [[Category:Bullet Points]] |
− | !'''Ewe'''
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− | !'''Sow'''
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− | !'''Bitch'''
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− | |-
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− | | '''Stage 1: Contractions and Cervical Dilation'''
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− | | 1-4 hours
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− | | 2-6 hours
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− | | 2-6 hours
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− | | 2-12 hours
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− | | 6-12 hours
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− | |-
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− | | '''Stage 2: Foetal Expulsion'''
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− | | 12-30 minutes
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− | | 30-60 minutes
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− | | 30-120 minutes
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− | | 150-180 minutes
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− | | 6 hours (up to 24 hours with large litters)
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− | |-
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− | | '''Stage 3: Placental Expulsion'''
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− | | 1 hour
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− | | 6-12 hours
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− | | 5-8 hours
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− | | 1-4 hours
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− | | Placenta Exits with Foetus
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− | |-
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− | |}
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