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| − | {{review}}
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| − | {{toplink
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Nuisance Flies]] |
| − | |backcolour =
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| − | |linkpage =Insecta
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| − | |linktext =INSECTA
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| − | |pagetype=Bugs
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| − | |sublink1=Parasites
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| − | |subtext1=PARASITES
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==Introduction==
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| − | [[Image:Muscidae Close Up.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Muscidae sp. - Copyright Alan Hadley]] | |
| − | [[Image:Musca domestica.jpg|thumb|right|150px|Musca domestica - Joaquim Alves Gaspar, Lisboa, Portugal (Wikimedia Commons)]]
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| − | The family ''Muscidae'' contains many non-biting (nuisance) flies and [[Biting Flies - WikiBlood|blood sucking (biting) flies]]. There are only two nuisance flies of veterinary importance, these are the ''Musca'' spp. and ''Hydrotaea''.
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| − | Nuisance flies are not only irritating to animals, but can also carry serious diseases and so should be controlled from an animal welfare point of view. | |
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| − | ==''Musca'' spp.==
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| − | *Also known as 'house' and 'face' flies
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| − | *Includes ''Musca domestica'' the house fly and ''Musca autumnalis'' the face fly
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| − | *Found in temperate regions
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| − | *The house fly is present both inside and outside of buildings
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| − | *The face fly is one of the most numerous flies which annoy cattle
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| − | **Attracted to the head and upper parts of the body
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| − | '''Recognition'''
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| − | *7.5mm long
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| − | *Sponge-like labellum mouthparts
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| − | *Grey thorax with longitudinal stripes
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| − | *Yellow abdomen with a single black stripe
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| − | '''Life Cycle'''
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| − | *Eggs laid in rotting manure, hatch and pass through pupal and larval stages before emerging
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| − | *Eggs hatch within 12 hours of being deposited
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| − | *Life cycle takes 12 days
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| − | *Flies may overwinter as adults
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Production losses
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| − | **Reduced weight gain
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| − | **Reduced milk yield
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| − | **'''Fly worry'''
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| − | *Disease transmission
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| − | **Viruses
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| − | ***E.g. Coxsackie, enteroviruses, poliomyelitis
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| − | **Bacteria
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| − | ***E.g. Anthrax, ''E.coli'', ''Salmonella'', ''Shigella'', New Forest Eye Disease ([[Moraxella Bovis|Moraxella Bovis]])
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| − | **Helminths
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| − | ***E.g. Intermediate hosts for ''Habronema'' in horses, some poultry tapeworms, ''Parafiliaria'' and ''Thelazia'' in cattle
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| − | *Feeds on secretions from the eyes, nose and mouth as well as blood left in wounds by other flies
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| − | '''Control'''
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| − | *Fly control in breeding and resting sites (to reduce the source)
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| − | **Breeding sites:
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| − | ***Good sanitation
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| − | ***Collect dung in heaps
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| − | ***Spray surface of heaps with insecticide to kill surviving adults and larvae
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| − | ***Biological control
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| − | **Resting sites:
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| − | ***Spray inside and outsides of buildings with insecticide
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| − | *Fly control on the host
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| − | **Wide range of products available
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| − | **Nil or short withdrawal period needed for milking animals or animals going for slaughter
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| − | ==''Hydrotaea irritans''==
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| − | [[Image:Hydrotaea irritans.jpg|thumb|right|150px|H.irritans female - Copyright Alan Hadley]]
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| − | [[Image:Hydrotaea irritans male.jpg|thumb|right|150px|H.irritans male - Copyright Alan Hadley]]
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| − | *Also known as the 'head fly'
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| − | *''Hydrotaea irritans'' the main species of veterinary importance
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| − | *Mainly a problem of sheep
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| − | **In some areas is the most numerous fly of cattle and horses
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| − | '''Recognition'''
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| − | *Similar to ''Musca'' spp.
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| − | *Olive green abdomen
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| − | *4-7mm in length
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| − | '''Life Cycle'''
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| − | *Eggs laid in decaying vegetation, faeces and in carrion (in the summer months)
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| − | *Emerging larvae overwinter ('''diapause''') and pupate in spring
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| − | *Adult flies emerge in the summer
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| − | *One generation per year
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| − | '''Pathogenesis'''
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| − | *Cattle:
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| − | **Head flies may transmit summer mastitis
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| − | *Sheep:
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| − | **Extreme irritation
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| − | ***Mouthparts rasp the skin to feed on secretions and exudate
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| − | **Self-inflicted damage
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| − | ***E.g. 'Broken Head'
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| − | **Secondary bacterial infection may occur
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| − | **Blowfly strike may follow
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