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Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 13:44, 5 July 2012
, 13:44, 5 July 2012→Queen
== Introduction ==
= Introduction =
Oestrus is the period of sexual receptivity in a female, commonly referred to as 'heat'.
Oestrus is the period of sexual receptivity in a female, commonly referred to as 'heat'.
For further infomation on oestrous cyclicity, follow [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-Oestrous_Cycle_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|this link]].
For further infomation on oestrous cyclicity, follow [[Oestrous_Cycle_- Anatomy & Physiology|this link]].
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= Cow =
==Cow==
[[Image:Oestrus Behaviour cow.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Expression of Oestrus Behaviour in Relation to Ovulation</p><sup> Courtesy of In Practice,November 2005.</sup>]]
[[Image:Oestrus Behaviour cow.jpg|thumb|right|150px|<p>Expression of Oestrus Behaviour in Relation to Ovulation</p><sup> Courtesy of In Practice,November 2005.</sup>]]
== Oestrus Detection ==
===Oestrus Detection===
* Oestrus detection is critical, as the absence of detection is the most important reason for delayed breeding.
* Oestrus detection is critical, as the absence of detection is the most important reason for delayed breeding.
* Average oestrus detection rates are ~ 60%, the target is >70%!
* Average oestrus detection rates are ~ 60%, the target is >70%!
=== Standing to be Mounted ===
==== Standing to be Mounted ====
Although pedometers are increasingly being used and in-line milk progesterone tests are being developed, the most reliable method for determining the optimum timing of artificial insemination (AI) is the observation of cows standing to be mounted (STBM).
Although pedometers are increasingly being used and in-line milk progesterone tests are being developed, the most reliable method for determining the optimum timing of artificial insemination (AI) is the observation of cows standing to be mounted (STBM).
* Ovulation occurs approximately 30 hours after the first display of STBM, which in turn is 24 hours after the LH surge.
* Ovulation occurs approximately 30 hours after the first display of STBM, which in turn is 24 hours after the LH surge.
* The optimum time to inseminate in order to achieve the best conception rates is six to 24 hours after the first observed STBM.
* The optimum time to inseminate in order to achieve the best conception rates is six to 24 hours after the first observed STBM.
== Signs of Oestrus ==
=== Signs of Oestrus ===
* Standing to be mounted is the only truly reliable indication of oestrus.
* Standing to be mounted is the only truly reliable indication of oestrus.
* Other signs of oestrus may include:
* Other signs of oestrus may include:
** Homosexual mounting
** Homosexual mounting
** Bellowing when Isolated
** Bellowing when isolated
** Holding milk
** Holding milk
** Brawling
** Brawling
** Mucus discharge (also when coming into and going out of oestrus). This is called a '''bulling string'''.
** Mucus discharge (also when coming into and going out of oestrus). This is called a '''bulling string'''.
=== Factors Influencing Oestrus Behaviour ===
==== Factors Influencing Oestrus Behaviour ====
Sexual behaviour in cows is itself influenced by numerous factors:
Sexual behaviour in cows is itself influenced by numerous factors:
** Cow–cow interactions are reduced, thus interfering with oestrus detection.
** Cow–cow interactions are reduced, thus interfering with oestrus detection.
== Aids to Improve Oestrus Detection ==
=== Aids to Improve Oestrus Detection ===
For methods of oestrous synchronisation and oestrus induction click [[Oestrous_Cycle_-Pharmacological_Manipulation_of_Oestrous_Cycles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|here]].
For methods of oestrous synchronisation and oestrus induction click [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|here]].
=== Tail Paint ===
==== Tail Paint ====
* Applied to the base of the tail and sacrum.
* Applied to the base of the tail and sacrum.
* Cheap and effective
* Cheap and effective
=== KaMaR Heat Mount Detectors ===
==== KaMaR Heat Mount Detectors ====
* More expensive
* More expensive
* AM/PM rule still holds: If you see a red detector in the morning, breed her late that afternoon. If you see a red detector in the evening, breed her the next morning.
* AM/PM rule still holds: If you see a red detector in the morning, breed her late that afternoon. If you see a red detector in the evening, breed her the next morning.
=== Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) ===
==== Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) ====
* CCTV with a time-lapsed video
* CCTV with a time-lapsed video
* Good cow identification is important.
* Good cow identification is important.
=== Teaser Bulls ===
==== Teaser Bulls ====
* Teaser bulls or androgenised cows will identify cows thst are in oestrus provided they have some sort of marker, such as a '''chin-ball device'''.
* Teaser bulls or androgenised cows will identify cows that are in oestrus provided they have some sort of marker, such as a '''chin-ball device'''.
** The halter has a cone shaped device underneath which contains a freely rotating ball, working on the same principle as a ball-pen.
** The halter has a cone shaped device underneath which contains a freely rotating ball, working on the same principle as a ball-pen.
** The stainless steel ball container can be filled with ink of the desired colour.
** The stainless steel ball container can be filled with ink of the desired colour.
* Some bulls aquire harems of specific cows.
* Some bulls aquire harems of specific cows.
== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ==
=== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ===
Successful oestrus detection is reliant both on observation and the display of oestrous
Successful oestrus detection is reliant both on observation and the display of oestrous
behaviour. If either element is reduced, this has serious effects on detection and thus submission rates.A period of 30 minutes observation at least three times daily is recommended.
behaviour. If either element is reduced, this has serious effects on detection and thus submission rates.A period of 30 minutes observation at least three times daily is recommended.
=== Progesterone Levels ===
==== Progesterone Levels ====
* Low plasma or milk progesterone indicates that the cow is close to, or in oestrus.
* Low plasma or milk progesterone indicates that the cow is close to, or in oestrus.
* Sampling of milk progesterone to check oestrus identification can be counterproductive: aware that the purpose of this measurement is to ‘investigate’ their accuracy of oestrus detection, farm staff may be tempted only to sample cows that are definitely in oestrus during the period of checks.
* Sampling of milk progesterone to check oestrus identification can be counterproductive: aware that the purpose of this measurement is to ‘investigate’ their accuracy of oestrus detection, farm staff may be tempted only to sample cows that are definitely in oestrus during the period of checks.
=== Other Methods ===
==== Other Methods ====
* Detection of a [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''follicle''']] and absence of a [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''corpus luteum''']] by palpation or ultrasound examination of [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovaries]].
* Detection of a [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|'''follicle''']] and absence of a [[Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|'''corpus luteum''']] by palpation or ultrasound examination of [[Ovary_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovaries]].
* Crystallisation patterns in [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] mucus.
* Crystallisation patterns in [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] mucus.
* Fall in body temperature prior to oestrus.
* Fall in body temperature prior to oestrus.
* Reduction in [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] pH.
* Reduction in [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] pH.
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= Ewe =
== Ewe ==
== Oestrus Detection ==
=== Oestrus Detection ===
== Signs of Oestrus ==
=== Signs of Oestrus ===
* Restless
* Restless
== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ==
=== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ===
* Low plasma progesterone
* Low plasma progesterone
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= Sow =
== Sow ==
== Oestrus Detection ==
=== Oestrus Detection ===
== Signs of Oestrus ==
=== Signs of Oestrus ===
* Stands for a boar producing lots of [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Attractivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Pheramones|pheromones]] in [[Oral_Cavity_-_Salivary_Glands_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Saliva|saliva]].
* Stands for a boar producing lots of [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Pheramones|pheromones]] in [[Salivary_Glands_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology#Saliva|saliva]].
* Stands very firmly to be mounted, hence the 'back pressure test' is very reliable.
* Stands very firmly to be mounted, hence the 'back pressure test' is very reliable.
** But, becomes refractory after 10 minutes standing, then no visible response for 1-2 hours.
** But, becomes refractory after 10 minutes standing, then no visible response for 1-2 hours.
*** Nosing
*** Nosing
*** Mounting other females
*** Mounting other females
** Increase in [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] mucous (requires digital examination)
** Increase in [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] mucous (requires digital examination)
*** Usually more pronounced in guilts than sows.
*** Usually more pronounced in guilts than sows.
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= Mare =
== Mare ==
* Oestrous detection is a problem because mares not in oestrus can cause significant damage to a stallion.
* Oestrous detection is a problem because mares not in oestrus can cause significant damage to a stallion.
* May be a slight [[General_Pathology_-_Oedema|oedema]] of the vulva and a mucoid discharge.
* May be a slight [[Oedema|oedema]] of the vulva and a mucoid discharge.
* Generally mares return to oestrous about 6-10 days after foaling.
* Generally mares return to oestrous about 6-10 days after foaling.
** Called a ''''foal heat'''' because often the foal develops [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] at this time, which makes the oestrus easy to detect.
** Called a ''''foal heat'''' because often the foal develops [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] at this time, which makes the oestrus easy to detect.
*** Fertility may not be high at 'foal heat' oestrus.
*** Fertility may not be high at 'foal heat' oestrus.
* Mares with an older foal at foot may not show signs of oestrus, as they are protective of the foal (''''foal shy'''').
* Mares with an older foal at foot may not show signs of oestrus, as they are protective of the foal (''''foal shy'''').
* Mare will stand as if to urinate, lift her tail and lean her hindquarters toward the stallion.
* Mare will stand as if to urinate, lift her tail and lean her hindquarters toward the stallion.
* Mare repeatedly exposes her clitoris ('winking')
* Mare repeatedly exposes her clitoris ('winking')
* If the mare is in oestrus, the stallion usually demonstrates a [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Pre-copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Flehmen_Response|Flehmen response]].
* If the mare is in oestrus, the stallion usually demonstrates a [[Pre-copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Flehmen_Response|Flehmen response]].
== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ==
=== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ===
=== Ultrasound ===
==== Ultrasound ====
* Detection of a [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''follicle''']] and absence of a [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''corpus luteum''']] by palpation or ultrasound examination of [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovaries]].
* Detection of a [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|'''follicle''']] and absence of a [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|'''corpus luteum''']] by palpation or ultrasound examination of [[Ovary_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovaries]].
* Demonstration of follicle size, follicle wall thickening and follicle wall softening on ultrasound.
* Demonstration of follicle size, follicle wall thickening and follicle wall softening on ultrasound.
=== Vaginal and Cervical Examination ===
==== Vaginal and Cervical Examination ====
By visual; examination of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]] and [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] using an illuminated speculum, it is possible to detect the preovulation period.
By visual; examination of the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] and [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] using an illuminated speculum, it is possible to detect the preovulation period.
* In dioestrus, the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] is small, constricted and firm.
* In dioestrus, the [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] is small, constricted and firm.
* In dioestrus, the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] and [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]] are pale pink and mucus is scanty and sticky.
* In dioestrus, the [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] and [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] are pale pink and mucus is scanty and sticky.
* During oestrus, there is a gradual increase in vascularity of the genital tract and relaxation of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] with dilation of the cervical os.
* During oestrus, there is a gradual increase in vascularity of the genital tract and relaxation of the [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] with dilation of the cervical os.
* Approaching [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovulation]], the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] becomes very relaxed and its protrusion can be seen on the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] floor.
* Approaching [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]], the [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] becomes very relaxed and its protrusion can be seen on the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] floor.
** [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Cervical]] folds are oedematous
** [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|Cervical]] folds are oedematous
* [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Vaginal]] folds glisten with clear lubricant mucus.
* [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|Vaginal]] folds glisten with clear lubricant mucus.
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= Bitch =
== Bitch ==
* Long period of '''proestrus''' where the bitch is [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Attractivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|attractive]], but will not allow mating.
* Long period of '''proestrus''' where the bitch is [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|attractive]], but will not allow mating.
** Characterized by:
** Characterized by:
*** Vulval swelling
*** Vulval swelling
** Deviation of the tail
** Deviation of the tail
** Discharge becomes paler in colour
** Discharge becomes paler in colour
** Reduction in vulval [[General_Pathology_-_Oedema|oedema]]
** Reduction in vulval [[Oedema|oedema]]
* Poor relationship between time of [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovulation]] and external appearance.
* Poor relationship between time of [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]] and external appearance.
=== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ===
* Assessment of vulval softening
* Assessment of vulval softening
* Assessment of [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Histology_and_Innervation|vaginal epithelial cells]]
* Assessment of [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology_and_Innervation|vaginal epithelial cells]]
* Examination of the appearance of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] wall.
* Examination of the appearance of the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] wall.
* Measurement of plasma progesterone concentration (detecting a rise in progesterone that preceeds [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''ovulation''']] in this species).
* Measurement of plasma progesterone concentration (detecting a rise in progesterone that preceeds [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|'''ovulation''']] in this species).
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= Queen =
== Queen ==
* Oestrus detection is important, for although the queen is an '''induced ovulator''' (thus [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''ovulation''']] will not be missed), the LH response to mating decreases with each day of oestrus and [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''follicles''']] ultimately regress.
* Oestrus detection is important, for although the queen is an '''induced ovulator''' (thus [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|'''ovulation''']] will not be missed), the LH response to mating decreases with each day of oestrus and [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|'''follicles''']] ultimately regress.
* '''Proestrus''' is short and often unnoticed.
* '''Proestrus''' is short and often unnoticed.
* Oestrus is characterized by increased [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Attractivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Auditory_Signals|vocalization]],rubbing and rolling.
* Oestrus is characterized by increased [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Auditory_Signals|vocalization]],rubbing and rolling.
* Queen is more active and will seek the tom.
* Queen is more active and will seek the tom.
* Stands to be mated by lowering her front quarters and extending her hind legs.
* Stands to be mated by lowering her front quarters and extending her hind legs.
* Demonstrates [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Receptivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|lordosis]]
* Demonstrates [[Receptivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|lordosis]]
* Tail erect and held to one side.
* Tail erect and held to one side.
* Slight mucoid vulval discharge.
* Slight mucoid vulval discharge.
{{Learning
<big><center>[[Reproductive System|'''BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM''']]</center></big>
|flashcards = [[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 15]]<br>[[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 16]]
}}
[[Category:Reproductive Behaviour]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]