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Oestrus Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology (view source)
Revision as of 13:44, 5 July 2012
, 13:44, 5 July 2012→Queen
== Introduction ==
== Introduction ==
Oestrus is the period of sexual receptivity in a female, commonly referred to as 'heat'.
Oestrus is the period of sexual receptivity in a female, commonly referred to as 'heat'.
For further infomation on oestrous cyclicity, follow [[Female Reproductive_Tract_-Oestrous_Cycle_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|this link]].
For further infomation on oestrous cyclicity, follow [[Oestrous_Cycle_- Anatomy & Physiology|this link]].
=== Aids to Improve Oestrus Detection ===
=== Aids to Improve Oestrus Detection ===
For methods of oestrous synchronisation and oestrus induction click [[Oestrous_Cycle_-Pharmacological_Manipulation_of_Oestrous_Cycles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|here]].
For methods of oestrous synchronisation and oestrus induction click [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|here]].
==== Tail Paint ====
==== Tail Paint ====
==== Other Methods ====
==== Other Methods ====
* Detection of a [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''follicle''']] and absence of a [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''corpus luteum''']] by palpation or ultrasound examination of [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovaries]].
* Detection of a [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|'''follicle''']] and absence of a [[Corpus_Luteum_- Anatomy & Physiology|'''corpus luteum''']] by palpation or ultrasound examination of [[Ovary_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovaries]].
* Crystallisation patterns in [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] mucus.
* Crystallisation patterns in [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] mucus.
* Fall in body temperature prior to oestrus.
* Fall in body temperature prior to oestrus.
* Reduction in [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] pH.
* Reduction in [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] pH.
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=== Signs of Oestrus ===
=== Signs of Oestrus ===
* Stands for a boar producing lots of [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Attractivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Pheramones|pheromones]] in [[Oral_Cavity_-_Salivary_Glands_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Saliva|saliva]].
* Stands for a boar producing lots of [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Pheramones|pheromones]] in [[Salivary_Glands_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology#Saliva|saliva]].
* Stands very firmly to be mounted, hence the 'back pressure test' is very reliable.
* Stands very firmly to be mounted, hence the 'back pressure test' is very reliable.
** But, becomes refractory after 10 minutes standing, then no visible response for 1-2 hours.
** But, becomes refractory after 10 minutes standing, then no visible response for 1-2 hours.
*** Nosing
*** Nosing
*** Mounting other females
*** Mounting other females
** Increase in [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] mucous (requires digital examination)
** Increase in [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] mucous (requires digital examination)
*** Usually more pronounced in guilts than sows.
*** Usually more pronounced in guilts than sows.
* Oestrous detection is a problem because mares not in oestrus can cause significant damage to a stallion.
* Oestrous detection is a problem because mares not in oestrus can cause significant damage to a stallion.
* May be a slight [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]] of the vulva and a mucoid discharge.
* May be a slight [[Oedema|oedema]] of the vulva and a mucoid discharge.
* Generally mares return to oestrous about 6-10 days after foaling.
* Generally mares return to oestrous about 6-10 days after foaling.
** Called a ''''foal heat'''' because often the foal develops [[Intestine Diarrhoea - Pathology|diarrhoea]] at this time, which makes the oestrus easy to detect.
** Called a ''''foal heat'''' because often the foal develops [[Diarrhoea|diarrhoea]] at this time, which makes the oestrus easy to detect.
*** Fertility may not be high at 'foal heat' oestrus.
*** Fertility may not be high at 'foal heat' oestrus.
* Mares with an older foal at foot may not show signs of oestrus, as they are protective of the foal (''''foal shy'''').
* Mares with an older foal at foot may not show signs of oestrus, as they are protective of the foal (''''foal shy'''').
* Mare will stand as if to urinate, lift her tail and lean her hindquarters toward the stallion.
* Mare will stand as if to urinate, lift her tail and lean her hindquarters toward the stallion.
* Mare repeatedly exposes her clitoris ('winking')
* Mare repeatedly exposes her clitoris ('winking')
* If the mare is in oestrus, the stallion usually demonstrates a [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Pre-copulatory_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Flehmen_Response|Flehmen response]].
* If the mare is in oestrus, the stallion usually demonstrates a [[Pre-copulatory Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Flehmen_Response|Flehmen response]].
==== Ultrasound ====
==== Ultrasound ====
* Detection of a [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''follicle''']] and absence of a [[The_Ovary_-Corpus_Luteum_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''corpus luteum''']] by palpation or ultrasound examination of [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovaries]].
* Detection of a [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|'''follicle''']] and absence of a [[Corpus Luteum - Anatomy & Physiology|'''corpus luteum''']] by palpation or ultrasound examination of [[Ovary_- Anatomy & Physiology|ovaries]].
* Demonstration of follicle size, follicle wall thickening and follicle wall softening on ultrasound.
* Demonstration of follicle size, follicle wall thickening and follicle wall softening on ultrasound.
==== Vaginal and Cervical Examination ====
==== Vaginal and Cervical Examination ====
By visual; examination of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]] and [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] using an illuminated speculum, it is possible to detect the preovulation period.
By visual; examination of the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] and [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] using an illuminated speculum, it is possible to detect the preovulation period.
* In dioestrus, the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] is small, constricted and firm.
* In dioestrus, the [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] is small, constricted and firm.
* In dioestrus, the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] and [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]] are pale pink and mucus is scanty and sticky.
* In dioestrus, the [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] and [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]] are pale pink and mucus is scanty and sticky.
* During oestrus, there is a gradual increase in vascularity of the genital tract and relaxation of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] with dilation of the cervical os.
* During oestrus, there is a gradual increase in vascularity of the genital tract and relaxation of the [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] with dilation of the cervical os.
* Approaching [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovulation]], the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervix]] becomes very relaxed and its protrusion can be seen on the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] floor.
* Approaching [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]], the [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|cervix]] becomes very relaxed and its protrusion can be seen on the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] floor.
** [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Cervical]] folds are oedematous
** [[Cervix_- Anatomy & Physiology|Cervical]] folds are oedematous
* [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Vaginal]] folds glisten with clear lubricant mucus.
* [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|Vaginal]] folds glisten with clear lubricant mucus.
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== Bitch ==
== Bitch ==
* Long period of '''proestrus''' where the bitch is [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Attractivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|attractive]], but will not allow mating.
* Long period of '''proestrus''' where the bitch is [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|attractive]], but will not allow mating.
** Characterized by:
** Characterized by:
*** Vulval swelling
*** Vulval swelling
** Deviation of the tail
** Deviation of the tail
** Discharge becomes paler in colour
** Discharge becomes paler in colour
** Reduction in vulval [[Oedema - Pathology|oedema]]
** Reduction in vulval [[Oedema|oedema]]
* Poor relationship between time of [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovulation]] and external appearance.
* Poor relationship between time of [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]] and external appearance.
=== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ===
=== Clinical Methods and Assessments for Oestrus Detection ===
* Assessment of vulval softening
* Assessment of vulval softening
* Assessment of [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Histology_and_Innervation|vaginal epithelial cells]]
* Assessment of [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology#Histology_and_Innervation|vaginal epithelial cells]]
* Examination of the appearance of the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vaginal]] wall.
* Examination of the appearance of the [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vaginal]] wall.
* Measurement of plasma progesterone concentration (detecting a rise in progesterone that preceeds [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''ovulation''']] in this species).
* Measurement of plasma progesterone concentration (detecting a rise in progesterone that preceeds [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|'''ovulation''']] in this species).
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== Queen ==
== Queen ==
* Oestrus detection is important, for although the queen is an '''induced ovulator''' (thus [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''ovulation''']] will not be missed), the LH response to mating decreases with each day of oestrus and [[The_Ovary_-_Follicles_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|'''follicles''']] ultimately regress.
* Oestrus detection is important, for although the queen is an '''induced ovulator''' (thus [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|'''ovulation''']] will not be missed), the LH response to mating decreases with each day of oestrus and [[Follicles - Anatomy & Physiology|'''follicles''']] ultimately regress.
* '''Proestrus''' is short and often unnoticed.
* '''Proestrus''' is short and often unnoticed.
* Oestrus is characterized by increased [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Attractivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Auditory_Signals|vocalization]],rubbing and rolling.
* Oestrus is characterized by increased [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Auditory_Signals|vocalization]],rubbing and rolling.
* Queen is more active and will seek the tom.
* Queen is more active and will seek the tom.
* Stands to be mated by lowering her front quarters and extending her hind legs.
* Stands to be mated by lowering her front quarters and extending her hind legs.
* Demonstrates [[Reproductive_Behaviour_-_Receptivity_Behaviour_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|lordosis]]
* Demonstrates [[Receptivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology|lordosis]]
* Tail erect and held to one side.
* Tail erect and held to one side.
* Slight mucoid vulval discharge.
* Slight mucoid vulval discharge.
{{Learning
|flashcards = [[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 15]]<br>[[Equine Reproduction and Stud Medicine Q&A 16]]
}}
[[Category:Reproductive Behaviour]]
[[Category:Bullet Points]]