Changes

==Introduction==

==Introduction==

Cysts associated with the ovary and surrounding structures are common. They may be '''congenital''' or '''acquired'''.

Cysts associated with the ovary and surrounding structures are common. They may be '''congenital''' or '''acquired'''.

==Acquired==

==Acquired==

===Follicular Cysts===

===Follicular Cysts===

These are also known as '''''Cystic Graffian Follices'''''.   

These are also known as '''''Cystic Graffian Follicles'''''.   

Follicular cysts are '''thin-walled, fluid-filled cysts'''. '''Multiple''' cysts are often seen and they can grow quite '''large''' (greater than 2.5cm in the cow). They develop when the follicle fails to ovulate due to '''low levels of lutenising hormone (LH)'''. Luteinization does not occur. This is known as '''Cystic Ovarian Disease (COD)'''. Underlying causes include uterine infection, high milk yield and stress. They are seen in cattle and pigs, rarely in small animals but not at all in mares.  

Follicular cysts are '''thin-walled, fluid-filled cysts'''. '''Multiple''' cysts are often seen and they can grow quite '''large''' (greater than 2.5cm in the cow). They develop when the follicle fails to ovulate due to '''low levels of lutenising hormone (LH)'''. Luteinization does not occur. This is known as '''Cystic Ovarian Disease (COD)'''. Underlying causes include uterine infection, high milk yield and stress. They are seen in cattle and pigs, rarely in small animals but not at all in mares.  

'''Ultrasonographic findings''' (identification of a thin-walled fluid filled cyst) are combined with the '''history''' and '''clinical signs''' to make a diagnosis. '''Rectal examination''' can be used in large animals to make a presumptive diagnosis.  

'''Ultrasonographic findings''' (identification of a thin-walled fluid filled cyst) are combined with the '''history''' and '''clinical signs''' to make a diagnosis. '''Rectal examination''' can be used in large animals to make a presumptive diagnosis.  

Treatment in large animals is the administration of '''[[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|chorionic gonadotrophin or GnRH]]'''. Prolonged [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|progesterone treatment]] ('''PRID''') can also be used. First-line treatment in small animals is the administration of '''[[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|HCG or progestagens]]''', which should induce [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation or luteinization]] and return the animal to normal cyclical activity. They can sometimes recur following treatment. Alternatively, definitive treatment is '''ovariohysterectomy'''.  

Treatment in large animals is the administration of '''[[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|chorionic gonadotrophin or GnRH]]'''. Prolonged [[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|progesterone treatment]] ('''PRID''') can also be used. First-line treatment in small animals is the administration of '''[[Oestrous Cycle Pharmacological Manipulation - Anatomy & Physiology|HCG or progestagens]]''', which should induce [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation or luteinization]] and return the animal to normal cyclical activity. They can sometimes recur following treatment. Alternatively, definitive treatment is '''ovariohysterectomy'''.

===Luteinised Cysts===

===Luteinised Cysts===

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[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]]

[[Category:Reproductive Diseases - Dog]]

[[Category:Ovaries - Pathology]]

[[Category:Ovaries - Pathology]]