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Line 1: − {{unfinished}}+ + − ==Introduction== − Permethrin is the active ingredient of many 'spot-on' paraciticides used in the control of fleas and ticks in dogs <ref> '''Clinical effects and outcome of feline permethrin spot-on poisonings reported to the Veterinary Poisons information Service (VPIS), London''', ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref>. − + + − + + + + + + + + + + + + +
moved Permethrin to Permethrin Toxicity
==Introduction==
Permethrin is the active ingredient of many 'spot-on' pesticides used in the control of fleas and ticks in dogs <ref name="multiples"> '''Clinical effects and outcome of feline permethrin spot-on poisonings reported to the Veterinary Poisons information Service (VPIS), London''', ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref>. In is also used in products intended for use in rats, mice, gerbils and guinea pigs <ref name="multiples">'''Clinical effects and outcome of feline permethrin spot-on poisonings reported to the Veterinary Poisons information Service (VPIS), London''', ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref>. Permethrin mediates its effects through modulation of voltage-sensitive sodium channels. <ref name="multiples"> Ray DE (1991)pesticides derived from plants and other organisms. In: Hayes WJ, Laws ER (eds), ''Handbook of Pesticide Toxicity, Classes of Pesticides''referenced in ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf The net result of this modulation is repetitive nerve firing.
==Signalment==
==Signalment==
Permethrin poisoning in most commonly seen in cats who have inadvertently been administered spot-on products intended for use in dogs, or who have had contact with dogs following application of the preparations <ref> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''', Chapter 19, Second Edition, 2007 </ref>.
Permethrin poisoning in most commonly seen in cats who have inadvertently been administered spot-on products intended for use in dogs, or who have had contact with dogs following application of the preparations <ref name="multiples"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''', Chapter 19, Second Edition, 2007 </ref>.
==Diagnosis==
==Diagnosis==
===Clinical Signs===
===Clinical Signs===
Includes: twitching, convulsions, ataxia, hypersalivation, respiratory distress, emesis, diarrhoea, hyperaesthesia, muscle fasciculations, lethargy, tachycardia, anxiety, temporary blindness,death <ref name="multiples"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''', Chapter 19, Second Edition, 2007 </ref>, <ref name="multiples"> '''Clinical effects and outcome of feline permethrin spot-on poisonings reported to the Veterinary Poisons information Service (VPIS), London''', ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref>.
===Laboratory Tests===
===Laboratory Tests===
===Pathology===
===Pathology===
The spot-on canine preparations are often quite concentrated. In dogs and other animals,on whom they are considered safe to use, permethrin is metabolised by the enzyme glucuronidase transferase to glucouronides and sulphates. The cat lack this ezyme thus leading to an increased half life of permethrin in this species.
The spot-on canine preparations are often quite concentrated.<ref name="multiples"> '''BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Emergency and Critical Care''', Chapter 19, Second Edition, 2007 </ref>. Cats lack the enzyme glucuronidase transferase <ref name="multiples"> Whittem 1995 Pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticide intoxication in cats.''Compendium of Continuing Education for the Veterinary Practitioner'' '''17''' 489-492, referenced in ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref> and is therefore unable to utilise the metabolic pathway that dogs and other animals use to break down permethrin into glucuronides and sulphates <ref name="multiples"> Ray DE (1991)pesticides derived from plants and other organisms. In: Hayes WJ, Laws ER (eds), ''Handbook of Pesticide Toxicity, Classes of Pesticides''referenced in ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref>
==Treatment==
==Treatment==
If permetrin toxicity is due to skin contamination immediate removal by washing with lukewarm water containing a gentle detergent such as shampoo or washing-up liquid is indicated <ref name="multiples"> Whittem 1995 Pyrethrin and pyrethroid insecticide intoxication in cats.''Compendium of Continuing Education for the Veterinary Practitioner'' '''17''' 489-492, referenced in ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref>.
In order to decrease the likelihood of further casualties the affected cat should be isolated from any others in the household. The use of an elizabethan collar will help to prevent ingestion of permethrin through grooming <ref name="multiples"> ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref>.
Seizures: Diazepam (0.5mg to 1mg per kg by intravenous route)<ref> Valentine 1990, referenced in ''Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery''(2007)'''9''',335-339 accessed on http://www.fabcats.org/esfm/permethrin.pdf 07.11.2010 </ref>
Increased Muscle Activity:
==Prognosis==
==Prognosis==
==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Toxicology]]
[[Category:To Do - Neurological]][[Category:To Do - Alimentary]][[Category:To Do - Medium]]