Changes

==Why is it Important?==

==Why is it Important?==

'''Phosphorus has many key functions, principally as a component of compounds essential to normal metabolism'''. These include: phospholipids and phosphoproteins that are important in membrane formation; the nucleic acids [[DNA]] and RNA; other nucleotides such as ATP that are vital components of energy metabolism; enzyme [[Nutrition Glossary#Cofactor|cofactors]]. Phosphorus also has a role in regulating [[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology|acid-base balance]].

'''Phosphorus has many key functions, principally as a component of compounds essential to normal metabolism'''. These include: phospholipids and phosphoproteins that are important in membrane formation; the nucleic acids [[DNA]] and RNA; other nucleotides such as ATP that are vital components of energy metabolism; enzyme [[Nutrition Glossary#Cofactor|cofactors]]. Phosphorus also has a role in regulating [[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology|[[Essential Ion and Compound Balance and Homeostasis - Anatomy & Physiology|acid base balance]]]].

==Roles in the Body==

==Roles in the Body==

==Consequences of Phosphorus Deficiency==

==Consequences of Phosphorus Deficiency==

===Dog:===

===Dog:===

There are surprisingly few direct studies of phosphorus deficiency in dogs. '''Normal phosphorus metabolism requires normal levels of calcium''' and the emphasis is usually on calcium requirement and the close relationship of dietary calcium and phosphorus – the Ca:P ratio. It is often difficult to produce clear signs of phosphorus deficiency without the almost inevitable involvement of calcium nutrition. Excess dietary calcium or a very high Ca:P ratio can adversely affect the absorption of phosphorus and this will inevitably result in impaired skeletal development<ref>Schoenmakers, I, Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom WE (1999). “Excessive Ca and P intake during early maturation in dogs alters Ca and P balance without long-term effects after dietary normalization”. J Nutr. 129:1068-1074.</ref>. '''Like calcium, this is particularly serious for young puppies, where the skeleton is still developing'''. In adult dogs, naturally occurring phosphorus deficiency is rare though inadequate phosphorus intake (below the minimum requirement) can occur with chronic starvation, secondary to the feeding of improperly formulated home-prepared diets, or inappropriate feeding of phosphorus-restricted therapeutic diets.  Clinical signs of hypophosphatemia in adult dogs include decreased cardiac function <ref>Fuller TJ, et al (1978). "Reversible depression in myocardial performance in dogs with experimental phosphorus deficiency." J Clin Invest 62:1194-1200.</ref> as well as platelet and red blood cell dysfunction<ref>Yawata Y, et al (1974) "Blood cell abnormalities complicating the hypophosphatemia of hyperalimentation: erythrocyte and platelet ATP deficiency associated with haemolytic anemia and bleeding in the hyperalimented dog." J Lab Clin Med 84:643-653.</ref>.  

There are surprisingly few direct studies of phosphorus deficiency in dogs. '''Normal phosphorus metabolism requires normal levels of calcium''' and the emphasis is usually on calcium requirement and the close relationship of dietary calcium and phosphorus – the Ca:P ratio. It is often difficult to produce clear signs of phosphorus deficiency without the almost inevitable involvement of calcium nutrition. Excess dietary calcium or a very high Ca:P ratio can adversely affect the absorption of phosphorus and this will inevitably result in impaired [[Bone & Cartilage Development - Anatomy & Physiology|skeletal development]]<ref>Schoenmakers, I, Hazewinkel, HAW, van den Brom WE (1999). “Excessive Ca and P intake during early maturation in dogs alters Ca and P balance without long-term effects after dietary normalization”. J Nutr. 129:1068-1074.</ref>. '''Like calcium, this is particularly serious for young puppies, where the skeleton is still developing'''. In adult dogs, naturally occurring phosphorus deficiency is rare though inadequate phosphorus intake (below the minimum requirement) can occur with chronic starvation, secondary to the feeding of improperly formulated home-prepared diets, or inappropriate feeding of phosphorus-restricted therapeutic diets.  Clinical signs of hypophosphatemia in adult dogs include decreased cardiac function <ref>Fuller TJ, et al (1978). "Reversible depression in myocardial performance in dogs with experimental phosphorus deficiency." J Clin Invest 62:1194-1200.</ref> as well as platelet and [[Erythrocytes|red blood cell]] dysfunction<ref>Yawata Y, et al (1974) "Blood cell abnormalities complicating the hypophosphatemia of hyperalimentation: erythrocyte and platelet ATP deficiency associated with haemolytic anemia and bleeding in the hyperalimented dog." J Lab Clin Med 84:643-653.</ref>.  

====Recognised Syndromes Related to Phosphorus Deficiency====

====Recognised Syndromes Related to Phosphorus Deficiency====

#'''Skeletal malformation''': Jenkins and Phillips<ref>Jenkins, K, Phillips P (1960a). “The mineral requirements of the dog. 1. Phosphorus requirement and availability”. J Nutr. 70:235-240.</ref><ref>Jenkins, K, Phillips P (1960b). “The mineral requirements of the dog. 2. The relation of calcium, phosphorus and fat levels to minimal calcium and phosphorus requirements”. J Nutr. 70:241-246.</ref> described poor appetite and skeletal malformations in German shepherd puppies fed dietary phosphorus at 0.23% on a dry matter (DM) basis. These effects were largely ameliorated when the dietary content was increased to 0.33% DM. The calcium content was 0.6% DM so the Ca:P ratios were 2.6 and 1.8 respectively, higher than the ideal ratio of around 1:1.

#'''Skeletal malformation''': Jenkins and Phillips<ref>Jenkins, K, Phillips P (1960a). “The mineral requirements of the dog. 1. Phosphorus requirement and availability”. J Nutr. 70:235-240.</ref><ref>Jenkins, K, Phillips P (1960b). “The mineral requirements of the dog. 2. The relation of calcium, phosphorus and fat levels to minimal calcium and phosphorus requirements”. J Nutr. 70:241-246.</ref> described poor appetite and skeletal malformations in German shepherd puppies fed dietary phosphorus at 0.23% on a [[Nutrition Glossary#Dry Matter Basis|dry matter (DM) basis]]. These effects were largely ameliorated when the dietary content was increased to 0.33% DM. The calcium content was 0.6% DM so the Ca:P ratios were 2.6 and 1.8 respectively, higher than the ideal ratio of around 1:1.

===Cat:===   

===Cat:===   

==Dietary Sources==

==Dietary Sources==

Phosphorus is more widely distributed than calcium and is found in dairy, meat, vegetable and cereal products. However in cereals and vegetables phosphorus may be combined as phytate, which is less bioavailable. Common sources in manufactured dog and cat foods include bone meal, meat and bone meal, fish meal, and inorganic phosphate salts – usually those of calcium, sodium, potassium or ammonium. Home-made diets that are mostly composed of meats typically have a very abnormal [[Calcium - Nutrition|Ca:P ratio]].  

Phosphorus is more widely distributed than calcium and is found in dairy, meat, vegetable and cereal products. However in cereals and vegetables phosphorus may be combined as phytate, which is less [[Nutrition Glossary#Bioavailability|bioavailable]]. Common sources in manufactured dog and cat foods include bone meal, meat and bone meal, fish meal, and inorganic phosphate salts – usually those of calcium, sodium, potassium or ammonium. Home-made diets that are mostly composed of meats typically have a very abnormal [[Calcium - Nutrition|Ca:P ratio]].

==References==

==References==

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<references/>

[[Category:Minerals in Nutrition]]

[[Category:Minerals in Nutrition]]