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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive System|'''BACK TO REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM''']]</center></big>
| + | ==Male == |
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− | <big><center>[[Reproductive_System#Small_Domestic_Mammals|'''BACK TO SMALL DOMESTIC MAMMALS''']]</center></big>
| + | ===Penis === |
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− | = Male = | |
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− | == Penis == | |
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| * Penis is easily extruded from the prepuce. | | * Penis is easily extruded from the prepuce. |
| * Os penis lies within the tissue of the penis. | | * Os penis lies within the tissue of the penis. |
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− | == Testes == | + | === Testes === |
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| * Two testes in an external scrotum. | | * Two testes in an external scrotum. |
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| * Head and tail of the epididymis are the sites of extremely large fat pads. | | * Head and tail of the epididymis are the sites of extremely large fat pads. |
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− | == Accessory Sex Glands == | + | === Accessory Sex Glands === |
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| Rats have highly developed accessory sex glands. These produce a gelatinous copulatory plug, which is visible in the vagina post-mating and is thought to prevent semen leaking out. | | Rats have highly developed accessory sex glands. These produce a gelatinous copulatory plug, which is visible in the vagina post-mating and is thought to prevent semen leaking out. |
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− | === Seminal Vesicles === | + | ==== Seminal Vesicles ==== |
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| * Lie dorsolateral to the urinary bladder in contact with the rectum dorsally. | | * Lie dorsolateral to the urinary bladder in contact with the rectum dorsally. |
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| * Each is enclosed in a capsule together with the coagulating gland. | | * Each is enclosed in a capsule together with the coagulating gland. |
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− | === Prostate Gland === | + | ==== Prostate Gland ==== |
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| * Bilateral and has three lobes: the dorsal, lateral and ventral. | | * Bilateral and has three lobes: the dorsal, lateral and ventral. |
− | * Dorsal known is known as the '''Coagulating Gland'''. | + | * Dorsal is known as the '''Coagulating Gland'''. |
| * Lies close to the seminal vesicle. | | * Lies close to the seminal vesicle. |
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− | === Ampullary Glands === | + | ==== Ampullary Glands ==== |
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| * The glands of the ductus deferens. | | * The glands of the ductus deferens. |
| * Lie near the bladder. | | * Lie near the bladder. |
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− | === Bulbourethral Glands === | + | ==== Bulbourethral Glands ==== |
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| * Found near the urethra as it exits the pelvis. | | * Found near the urethra as it exits the pelvis. |
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− | === Preputial Glands === | + | ==== Preputial Glands ==== |
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| * Lie in the subcutaneous fat near the penis and open into the prepuce. | | * Lie in the subcutaneous fat near the penis and open into the prepuce. |
− | * Sebacious glands that secrete a pheramone used for scent marking. | + | * Sebacious glands that secrete a [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Pheromones|pheromone]] used for scent marking. |
− | * Regress with age and fill with stagnant sebum. | + | * Regress with age and fill with stagnant [[Skin_- Anatomy & Physiology#Glands|sebum]]. |
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− | == Puberty and Sexual Maturity == | + | === Puberty and Sexual Maturity === |
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| * Sexually mature at 6-8 weeks | | * Sexually mature at 6-8 weeks |
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− | == Mammary Gland == | + | === Mammary Gland === |
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| * Teats are absent. | | * Teats are absent. |
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− | ----
| + | == Female == |
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− | = Female = | + | === Reproductive tract === |
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− | == Reproductive tract == | + | ==== Ovary ==== |
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− | === Ovary ===
| + | * Right [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] is located at the level of L4-5 just caudal to the right [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|kidney]]. |
| + | * Left [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] is located at the level of L5-6 caudal to the left [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|kidney]]. |
| + | ** Nearer the midline than the right [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]]. |
| + | * Both [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovaries]] are embedded in fat. |
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− | * Right [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovary]] is located at the level of L4-5 just caudal to the right [[Kidney_-_Comparative_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|kidney]].
| + | ==== Oviduct ==== |
− | * Left [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovary]] is located at the level of L5-6 caudal to the left [[Kidney_-_Comparative_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|kidney]].
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− | ** Nearer the midline than the right [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovary]].
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− | * Both [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovaries]] are embedded in fat.
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− | === Oviduct ===
| + | * [[Oviduct - Anatomy & Physiology|Oviduct]] is convoluted and winds around the [[Ovary - Anatomy & Physiology|ovary]] in 10-12 loops. |
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− | * [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Oviduct_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Oviduct]] is convoluted and winds around the [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Ovary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovary]] in 10-12 loops.
| + | ==== Uterus ==== |
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− | === Uterus ===
| + | * [[Uterus - Anatomy & Physiology#Anatomical_Types_of_Uteri|Duplex Uterus]] |
| + | ** Two [[Cervix - Anatomy & Physiology|cervices]] |
| + | ** Uterine horns remain separate until uniting in a single [[Vagina and Vestibule - Anatomy & Physiology|vagina]]. |
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− | * [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Uterus_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Anatomical_Types_of_Uteri|Duplex Uterus]]
| + | ==== Vagina ==== |
− | ** Two [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Cervix_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|cervices]]
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− | ** Uterine horns remain separate until uniting in a single [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-The_Vagina/Vestibule_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|vagina]].
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− | === Vagina === | |
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| * Vaginal opening lies caudal to clitoral glands and is closed by a membrane until puberty. | | * Vaginal opening lies caudal to clitoral glands and is closed by a membrane until puberty. |
| ** '''Clitoral (Preputial) Glands''': Lie in subcutaneous fat near the clitoris and open into a preputial fold. | | ** '''Clitoral (Preputial) Glands''': Lie in subcutaneous fat near the clitoris and open into a preputial fold. |
− | *** Sebacious glands that secrete a pheramone used for scent marking. | + | *** Sebacious glands that secrete a [[Attractivity Behaviour - Anatomy & Physiology#Pheromones|pheromone]] used for scent marking. |
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− | === Attachments and Blood Supply === | + | ==== Attachments and Blood Supply ==== |
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| * Anastamoses between the ovarian and uterine artery occur in the uterine mesentery. | | * Anastamoses between the ovarian and uterine artery occur in the uterine mesentery. |
− | * Mesovarium and mesometrium contain large volumes of fat, which surround the [[Kidney_-_Comparative_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|kidneys]], abdominal wall and [[Alimentary_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|intestinal loops]]. | + | * Mesovarium and mesometrium contain large volumes of fat, which surround the [[Renal Anatomy - Anatomy & Physiology#Common Anatomy|kidneys]], abdominal wall and [[Alimentary_- Anatomy & Physiology|intestinal loops]]. |
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− | == Oestrous Cyclicity == | + | ===Oestrous Cyclicity === |
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| * Non-seasonal polyoestrus | | * Non-seasonal polyoestrus |
− | * LH surge (responsible for [[The_Ovary_-_Ovulation_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|ovulation]]) is strongly linked to circadian rhythm and usually occurs in the late afternoon. | + | * LH surge (responsible for [[Ovulation - Anatomy & Physiology|ovulation]]) is strongly linked to circadian rhythm and usually occurs in the late afternoon. |
− | * [[Female_Reproductive_Tract_-Oestrous_Cycle_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Oestrus cycle]] 4-5 days. | + | * [[Oestrous Cycle - Anatomy & Physiology|Oestrus cycle]] 4-5 days. |
| * Duration of oestrus is ~14 hours. | | * Duration of oestrus is ~14 hours. |
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− | == Gestation and Offspring == | + | === Gestation and Offspring === |
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− | === Gestation === | + | ==== Gestation ==== |
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− | * [[Reproductive_System#Gestation|Gestation]] length is 20-22 days. | + | * Gestation length is 20-22 days. |
− | * [[Gestation_-Placenta_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology|Placenta]] is haemochorial. | + | * [[Placenta - Anatomy & Physiology|Placenta]] is haemochorial. |
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− | === Litter === | + | ==== Litter ==== |
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| * Litter size 6-16 | | * Litter size 6-16 |
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| * Care not to stress mother or she may cannibalise the young. | | * Care not to stress mother or she may cannibalise the young. |
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− | == Mammary Gland and Lactation == | + | === Mammary Gland and Lactation === |
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| * The rat has 6 pairs of mammary glands. | | * The rat has 6 pairs of mammary glands. |
| * Thoracic and inguinal glands act as two discrete complexes, separated by a space just behind the ribs. | | * Thoracic and inguinal glands act as two discrete complexes, separated by a space just behind the ribs. |
− | ** During lactation, the thoracic glands expand rostrally as far as the [[Oral_Cavity_-_Salivary_Glands_-_Anatomy_%26_Physiology#Major_Salivary_Glands|parotid and mandibular glands]]. | + | ** During lactation, the thoracic glands expand rostrally as far as the [[Salivary_Glands_-_Anatomy_&_Physiology#Major_Salivary_Glands|parotid and mandibular glands]]. |
| *** Cranially and medially over the upper forelimb and along the lateral thoracic wall. | | *** Cranially and medially over the upper forelimb and along the lateral thoracic wall. |
| ** Inguinal gland covers the lateral abdominal wall back to the stifle and anal region. | | ** Inguinal gland covers the lateral abdominal wall back to the stifle and anal region. |
| * At the base of each teat the transition zone between hairless and hair has large sebacious glands. | | * At the base of each teat the transition zone between hairless and hair has large sebacious glands. |
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− | === Cervical gland === | + | ==== Cervical gland ==== |
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| * Rudimentary | | * Rudimentary |
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− | === Thoracic gland === | + | ==== Thoracic gland ==== |
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| * Diffuse. | | * Diffuse. |
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| * Surrounds the base of the forelimb. | | * Surrounds the base of the forelimb. |
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− | === Abdominal gland === | + | ==== Abdominal gland ==== |
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| * Only marginally developed. | | * Only marginally developed. |
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− | === Inguinal gland === | + | ==== Inguinal gland ==== |
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| * Surrounds the base of the hindlimb. | | * Surrounds the base of the hindlimb. |
| * Contains 3 nipples. | | * Contains 3 nipples. |
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| + | [[Category:Small Mammal Reproduction]][[Category:Bullet Points]] |