Changes

==Description==

==Description==

Rectal tears are serious injuries in the horse, most commonly occurring as a result of rectal examination by veterinarians. Other less common causes include dystocia, ruptured haematomas, spinal fractures, strictures and thromboembolism. Rectal tears may occur in horses of all ages although nervous or young horses are more often affected. Arabaians and small horses are also more prone to developing tears.

Rectal tears are serious injuries in the horse, most commonly occurring as a result of rectal examination by a veterinarian. Other less common causes of tears include dystocia, ruptured haematomas, spinal fractures, strictures and thromboembolism. Rectal tears may occur in horses of all ages although nervous or young horses are more often affected. Arabaians and small horses are also more prone to developing tears.

Rectal tears are classified according to the layers of the bowel wall.  

Rectal tears are classified according to the layers of the bowel wall.  

Grade 1 and 2 tears are best managed conservatively with a combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, broad-spectrum antibiotics and laxatives such as mineral oil. A moist diet such as bran mash or grass should be provided in order to aid defecation. The horse should be closely monitored for signs of colic, haematochezia, dyschezia, pyrexia and tenesmus. Repeated rectal examination should be avoided unless unavoidable. Tears less that two to three centimetres in length usually heal without causing further problems and rarely require treatment.

Grade 1 and 2 tears are best managed conservatively with a combination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, broad-spectrum antibiotics and laxatives such as mineral oil. A moist diet such as bran mash or grass should be provided in order to aid defecation. The horse should be closely monitored for signs of colic, haematochezia, dyschezia, pyrexia and tenesmus. Repeated rectal examination should be avoided unless unavoidable. Tears less that two to three centimetres in length usually heal without causing further problems and rarely require treatment.

Grade 3 and 4 tears are acute, life-threatening emergencies and should be referred to a surgical facility. Before transportation it is essential that appropriate emergency care is provided and measures are performed to prevent faecal contamination. Epidural anaesthesia should be performed using either xyalzine alone or xylazine in combination with lidocaine or mepivicaine. The rectum should be packed with an antiseptic tampon positioned cranially to the tear and extending to the anus. A length of stocking filled with betadine-soaked cotton has been recommended for this. A purse-string suture should be placed in the rectum to prevent expulsion of the tampon. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, flunixin meglumine and appropriate tetanus prophylaxis should also be administered.  

Grade 3 and 4 tears are acute, life-threatening emergencies and should be referred to a surgical facility. Before transportation it is essential that appropriate emergency care is provided and measures are taken to prevent faecal contamination. Epidural anaesthesia should be performed using either xyalzine alone or xylazine in combination with lidocaine or mepivicaine. The rectum should be packed with an antiseptic tampon positioned cranially to the tear and extending to the anus. A length of stocking filled with betadine-soaked cotton has been recommended for this. Following this a purse-string suture should be placed in the rectum to prevent expulsion of the tampon. Broad-spectrum antibiotics, flunixin meglumine and appropriate tetanus prophylaxis should also be administered.  

At the referral facility, abdominocentesis is performed to check for peritonitis. A number of surgical techniques have been described for the repair of Grade 3 and Grade 4 tears. These include suturing the tear closed via a rectal or ventral midline approach, or the use of a faecal diversion technique such as temporary colostomy to eliminate the passage of faeces throught the rectum.  

At the referral facility, abdominocentesis is performed to check for peritonitis. A number of surgical techniques have been described for the repair of Grade 3 and Grade 4 tears. These include suturing the tear closed via a rectal or ventral midline approach, or the use of a faecal diversion technique such as temporary colostomy to eliminate the passage of faeces throught the rectum. Surgical repair of rectal tears is associated with a failure rate and consideration

==Prognosis==

==Prognosis==

Grade 1 and Grade 2 tears generally have a good prognosis and  

The prognosis for rectal tears depends on the size, location and grade of the tear and the length of time between occurrence and treatment. and Grade 1 and Grade 2 tears generally have a good prognosis and  

 

==References==

==References==