Difference between revisions of "Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology"

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#REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections]]
 
 
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|linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
 
|linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
 
|maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
 
|pagetype =Pathology
 
|sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
 
|subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
 
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<br>
 
==In general==
 
 
 
*Main clinical expression is as secondary invaders of previously damaged lung tissue due to viral or parasitic involvement or environmental stress
 
*Some are initial pathogens in their own right while others can damage the tract allowing invasion by more pathogenic types
 
 
 
==In Dogs==
 
 
 
===Infectious canine tracheitis===
 
 
 
*See [[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#In Dogs|Infectious canine tracheitis]]
 
*Synonym: '''Kennel cough'''
 
*Multiple agents implicated
 
 
 
===Tuberculosis in dogs===
 
 
 
*Dogs are rarely susceptible to [[:Category:Mycobacterium species|''Mycobacterium'' spp.]] causing tuberculosis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|in cattle]], usually either from human or farm animal source
 
*Gross pathology:
 
**Multifocal nodules, firm, calcified with necrotic centres
 
**Usually caudal lung lobes
 
**Also [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|granulomatous pleuritis]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Degenerative - Pathology#Haemothorax|haemothorax]]
 
 
 
===Nocardiosis===
 
 
 
*Caused by ''[[:Category:Nocardia|Nocardia]]''
 
*Grossly:
 
**Haemorrhagic purulent exudate in [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleural cavity]]
 
**Yellow granules on pleural surface
 
*Possibly caused by penetrating awns of grass
 
*Mainly in sporting breeds
 
 
 
==In Cats==
 
 
 
===Feline Chlamydiosis===
 
 
 
*Persistent respiratory infection caused by [[Chlamydophila psittaci|''Chlamydia psittaci (felis)'']]
 
*Mild conjunctivitis, serous purulent [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]] and conjunctivitis, in severe cases mild [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]] - feline pneumonitis
 
 
 
===[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma felis'']]===
 
 
 
*Can also cause mild respiratory infection
 
 
 
==In Horses==
 
 
 
*[http://www.ivis.org/special_books/Lekeux/chanter/chapter_frm.asp?LA=1 Overview of equine respiratory disease] by N Chanter of the Animal Health Trust, taken from Equine respiratory diseases edited by P Lekeux. Chapters of this book are published by the International Veterinary Information Service (IVIS)
 
 
 
===[[Strangles]]===
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
===''[[Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus]]''===
 
 
 
 
 
===Glanders===
 
 
 
*Caused by [[Burkholderia mallei|''Burkholderia (Pseudomonas) mallei'']]
 
*Exists in eastern Europe and Asia
 
*Notifiable in UK
 
*Characterised by multiple small submucosal [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|nasal nodules]] which liquefy and ulcerate
 
**Cores of [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] surrounded by a rim of macrophages and [[Chronic Inflammation - Pathology#Granulation tissue|granulation tissue]]
 
*In addition may have similar nodules in [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|lungs]], '''lymph nodes''' and '''cutaneous lymphatics''' 
 
*Clinical signs: fever and head/ neck lymphadenitis, [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]]
 
 
 
===''Rhodococcus equi''===
 
[[Image:Pyogranulomatous lungs due to Rhodococcus Equi.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Pyogranulomatous lesions due to Rhodococcus equi (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Causative agent [[Rhodococcus equi|''Rhodococcus (Corynebacterium) equi'']]
 
*Important cause of sever, often fatal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous]] [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in foals
 
*Clinical signs include depression, cough, weight loss, respiratory distress, diarrhoea, arthritis, subcutaneous abscesses
 
*Bacterium survives phagocytosis and multiplies
 
*Bacterial toxins -> caseous necrosis in lungs -> attracts inflammatory cells -> pyogranulomatous pneumonia
 
*Grossly:
 
**Multiple firm nodules, usually no encapsulation
 
**Partial [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis (Collapse)|atelectasis]]
 
*Histologically:
 
**Pyogranulomatous lesions
 
**Macrophages with ingested microorganisms in the alveoli
 
**Necrosis spreading through parenchyma
 
 
 
==In Cattle==
 
 
 
===Necrotic laryngitis===
 
[[Image:Necrotising laryngitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Necrotising laryngitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:Tracheitis in calf diphtheria.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Tracheitis in calf diphtheria (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Synonyms: '''laryngeal diphtheria, calf diphtheria'''
 
*Common disease in cattle, and can occur in swine
 
*Caused by infection with [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']] 
 
*Lesions may also be found in other parts of the [[Nasopharynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pharyngitis|oropharynx]] 
 
*The bacterium usually gains entry through damaged mucosal surfaces e.g. after viral infections or injury following (poor!) use of dosing guns, coarse poor quality roughage
 
*Results in severe acute neutrophilic [[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|laryngitis]]
 
*Extensive accumulation of fibrin and necrotic cellular debris on the ulcerated mucosal surface
 
*Lesions appear as dry plaques of fibrinonecrotic exudate and ulceration on the laryngeal mucosa
 
*Inhalation of exudate and bacterial organisms may cause [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
 
*Death may result from toxaemia or asphyxiation
 
*Also may occur in pigs
 
 
 
===''CAR bacillus''===
 
 
 
*Causative agent: [[Bacillus species|''Cillia-associated respiratory bacillus'']]
 
*An unclassified bacteria that can't be grown in culture
 
*Colonises ciliated epithelium in '''rodents''' and ruminants
 
*Associated with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|chronic lymphocytic rhinitis]], [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of tracheitis|tracheitis]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]]
 
*Clinical disease in '''rabbits''' and '''rodents'''
 
*Subclinical disease in ruminants
 
 
 
===Pneumonic pasteurellosis===
 
 
 
*Synonym: '''Shipping fever'''
 
*Caused by [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia haemolytica'' biotype A serotype 1 (90%)]] and ''[[Pasteurella multocida]]''
 
*In young, growing cattle
 
*In clinically normal cattle ''Mann. haemolytica'' serotype 2 is present in low numbers, only in nasal cavity and tonsils
 
*Clinical signs: depression, anorexia, rapid shallow respiration, crusty nose with mucopurulent discharge, serous ocular discharge
 
*Acute [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] and may progress to [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]] with toxaemia
 
*Pathology
 
**Lobar, cranioventral exudative pneumonia with fibrin, [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]], areas of coagulative necrosis
 
*Histology
 
**Large numbers of bacteria are usually associated with necrotic lesions
 
 
 
===Tuberculosis===
 
[[Image:Tuberculosis M bovis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Tuberculosis caused by ''M. bovis'' (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Caused by ''[[Mycobacterium bovis]]'' and ''M. tuberculosis''
 
*Reside primarily within macrophages where they multiply and result in characteristic [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Granulomatous pneumonia|granulomatous inflammation]] (macrophages and giant cells, epithelioid cells)
 
*Cattle can be infected by inhalation of the organism or through milk
 
*'''The primary complex'''
 
**Describes the initial focus of infection at the portal of entry (lungs) plus involvement of regional lymph nodes
 
**90% of cases exhibit the pulmonary form
 
**Grossly:
 
***Small tubercles in dorsocaudal subpleural areas which progress to larger confluent areas of caseous necrosis
 
***Usually start at bronchio-alveolar junction an progress to the alveoli
 
***Caseous lesions, may calcify or be encapsulated
 
***Multiple foci may coalesce
 
***Ulcers in [[Trachea Inflammatory - Pathology|trachea]] and [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchi]] due to coughed up bacteria
 
***Spreads into [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleura]]
 
**Microscopically:
 
***Typical granulomatous inflammation
 
***Epitheliod and giant cells at centre of tubercles
 
****Macrophages with ingested bacteria, forming epithelioid cells - large vesicular nuclei, abundant pale cytoplasm
 
****Giant cells, formed by fusion of macrophages, with multiple nuclei
 
***Narrow layer of lymphocytes, mononuclear cells and plasma cells at the periphery of the tubercle
 
***With time, peripheral fibroplasia and central necrosis develop
 
*If the infection is not contained in the primary complex described above, the mycobacteria can disseminate via lymphatics to other organs and lymph nodes
 
*This can allow the development of '''miliary tuberculosis''', i.e. numerous small foci of infection in many organs/ tissues
 
 
 
===Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (CBPP)===
 
[[Image:Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Contagious bovine pleuropneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Caused by [[Mycoplasma mycoides subsp. mycoides|''Mycoplasma mycoides'']], small colony variant
 
*Causes a fibrinonecrotic [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]]
 
*Also affects caudodorsal areas
 
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchopneumonia|Bronchopneumonia]] -> [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Lobar pneumonia|lobar pneumonia]]
 
*Sequestra are common
 
*NB: similarity to pneumonic pasteurellosis but CBPP has more pronounced marbled effect
 
*Interstitial septa are markedly widened by fibrinous exudate and the necrotic areas may have a fibrous capsule
 
*Large colony variant will cause a similar disease in goats
 
 
 
===Enzootic pneumonia of calves===
 
[[Image:Acute suppurative pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Acute suppurative pneumonia (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
[[Image:Calf pneumonia.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Calf pneumonia - chronic, with abscesses, fibrosis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Range of infectious agents together with managemental and environmental stress cause damage to the respiratory tract
 
*Causes unthriftiness in animals < 6 months old
 
*Usually the primary pathogen is a virus, secondary pathogens are bacteria and mycoplasmas
 
*Pathogens:
 
**[[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasmas'']]
 
***Mycoplasmal [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] of calves is an important component of the syndrome of enzootic pneumonia
 
***On its own causes Mycoplasmal ("Cuffing") pneumonia responsible for [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchitis and bronchiolitis]] and [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
 
***It is thought to pick up host antigens in order to prevent recognition by the body defences as foreign
 
***In uncomplicated mycoplasma infection, the lesions are generally mild and consist of patchy red/purple areas of [[Lungs Ventilation - Pathology#Atelectasis|atelectasis]] in the '''cranio-ventral lung lobes'''
 
***More confluent areas can develop with an underlying bronchointestitial pneumonia and resulting atelectasis
 
***''M. bovis''
 
****Most pathogenic
 
****Widespread lymphofollicular accumulations which contain germinal centres develop more slowly
 
****These lesions can result in narrowing of the bronchiolar lumina - this is the classical lesion of '''‘cuffing pneumonia’'''
 
***''M. dispar''
 
***''Ureaplasma'' sp.
 
**Viruses
 
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Respiratory syncytial virus|Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
 
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Parainfluenza- 3|Parainfluenza- 3 (PI3)]] - can be primary, causes suppression of pulmonary immune response
 
***[[Flaviviridae|Bovine viral diarrhoea virus (BVDV)]] - suppression of pulmonary immune response
 
***[[Adenoviridae|Adenoviruses]]
 
***[[Coronaviridae|Calf coronavirus]]
 
***[[Respiratory Viral Infections - Pathology#Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR)|Bovine herpes viruses]]
 
**Bacteria
 
***[[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Manheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica'' serotype A1]]
 
***[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']]
 
***[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']]
 
***''[[Haemophilus somnus]]''
 
*All transmitted by aerosol and direct contact
 
*Gross pathology:
 
**Consolidation of the cranioventral areas which increases in volume with duration
 
**On cut surface, exudate in the main airway of affected lobules with thickening of the surrounding connective tissue
 
*Micro pathology:
 
**Substantial lymphoid tissue around the airways
 
**Even to proper follicle formation, some of which may be large enough to compress the lumen
 
**Mixed cell exudate in the airway lumen
 
**Partial alveolar collapse distal to the compression
 
**Alveolar exudate contains a mixture of inflammatory cells
 
**Slight thickening of the alveolar walls with lymphocytes
 
 
 
===Acute exudative pneumonia===
 
 
 
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in very young calves
 
*[[Arcanobacter pyogenes|''Arcanobacter pyogenes'']] is most frequently isolated
 
*Cranio-ventral distribution
 
 
 
==In Sheep==
 
 
 
===Laryngeal chondritis===
 
[[Image:Oedema and chondritis in larynx of sheep.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Oedema and chondritis in larynx of sheep (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Caused by [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']] 
 
*[[Larynx Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of laryngitis|Infection of laryngeal cartilages]]
 
*Can be seen in short-necked breed, e.g. Texels, East Friesians and Southdowns
 
*Leads to extreme respiratory distress
 
*Laryngeal mucosa is necrotic and ulcerated
 
*Associated with [[Larynx Degenerative - Pathology#Laryngeal oedema|laryngeal oedema]]
 
*Also may occur in young [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]] and calves
 
 
 
===''CAR bacillus''===
 
 
 
*As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]]
 
 
 
===Enzootic pneumonia of lambs===
 
 
 
*Caused by [[Mannheimia haemolytica|''Pasteurella (Manheimia) haemolytica'']], possibly together with [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae'']]
 
*Mainly in late spring/early summer after environmental stress i.e. handling or moving
 
*May be acute with producing a fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and associated [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
 
*Or tending towards chronicity with abscessation and fibrous pleural adhesions
 
*A septicaemic form (mortality 5%) is reported to follow the stress of movement to new pasture in the autumn in weaned lambs.
 
*Foci of necrosis containing many bacteria are seen at the site of initial invasion in the pharynx and in the '''[[Liver - Anatomy & Physiology|liver]]'''
 
*Meningitis in young lambs and mastitis in ewes are other expressions
 
 
 
===Melioidosis (Pseudoglanders)===
 
 
 
*Caused by [[:Category:Pseudomonas and Burkholderia species|''Pseudomonas (Malleomyces) pseudomallei'']], Closely related to [[Burkholderia mallei|''P. mallei'']] in [[Hindgut Fermenters - Horse - Anatomy & Physiology|horses]]
 
*Causes disease in sheep, goats and pigs, occasionally other species
 
*Starts as a pyemia and localises in varius tissues, including the lung as abscessation
 
**Encapsulated abscesses contain yellow, caseous or creamy pus
 
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] and arthritis are the most common presentation
 
 
 
==In Pigs==
 
 
 
===Atrophic Rhinitis===
 
[[Image:Severe atrophic rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Severe atrophic rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of the snout 
 
*Caused by co-infection of the nasal mucosa with
 
**''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
 
***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''
 
**Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A)
 
***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together
 
*Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors
 
*In rapidly growing young pigs (4-12 weeks old)
 
*Clinical signs
 
**Progressive facial deformity with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], catarrhal nasal discharge
 
**Sneezing, coughing, can progress to dyspnoea and anorexia
 
 
 
*Gross pathology
 
**Overlying skin on shortened snout is thrown into folds
 
**Deviation of the snout to most affected side
 
**Various loss of turbinate bone, ventral usually more affected
 
**Deviation of nasal septum away from affected chamber
 
**Inflammatory, haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions in the nasal mucosa
 
*Micro pathology
 
**Reduction in the amount of bone in the turbinates
 
**No osteoid laid down between osteoblasts and existing bone
 
**Increased fibrous tissue
 
**Non-specific mucosal inflammation
 
 
 
*2 forms of the disease
 
**''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
 
***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella multocida|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]
 
***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
 
**''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
 
***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
 
***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
 
 
 
*''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
 
 
 
===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===
 
*As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|in cattle]]
 
*Caused by infection with [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']]
 
 
 
===Enzootic pneumonia of pigs===
 
[[Image:Enzootic pneumonia of pigs.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Enzootic pneumonia of pigs(Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
 
 
 
*Caused by ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]'' and ''[[Mycoplasma hyorhinis]]''
 
*Also called '''mycoplasmal pneumonia'''
 
*Major cause of unthriftiness in young pigs
 
*[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in weaned pigs
 
*Cough, reduced growth rate
 
*Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
 
*Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']])
 
*Gross pathology:
 
**Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes
 
**In other areas there may be small red to grey focal lesions evident which indicate the bronchiolar orientation of the inflammatory process
 
*Histologically
 
**Changes result from a catarrhal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
 
**In chronic cases, prominent accumulations of lymphoid cells can be seen around airways and blood vessels
 
 
 
===''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae''===
 
 
 
*Causative agent: ''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]''
 
*Expolsive outbreaks of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
 
*Spread by direct contact and aerosol
 
*Lesions
 
**Largely from toxin produced
 
**In diphragmatic lobes of the lungs
 
*Haemorrhage with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]]
 
*Usually localised, sometimes generalised
 
 
 
===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
 
 
 
*[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs
 
*The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
 
**This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]]  with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
 
*If there is considerable pleural involvement, it may be indistinguishable from lesions caused by ''[[Haemophilus pleuropneumonia]]'' (below)
 
*Also isolated from cases of meningitis and septicaemia in piglets
 
 
 
===Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia===
 
 
 
*Caused by [[Haemophilus pleuropneumonia|''Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumonia'']]
 
*Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
 
*Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
 
*A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]]
 
*Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
 
*Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
 
 
 
===Glasser's disease===
 
 
 
*Caused by ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]''
 
*May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis)
 
*Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease
 
 
 
===Streptococcal pneumonia===
 
 
 
*Caused by ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'' type II]]
 
 
 
 
 
===Tuberculosis in pigs===
 
 
 
*Pigs are susceptible to the [[:Category:Mycobacterium species|''Mycobacterium'' spp.]] causing tuberculosis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|in cattle]]
 
*Rarely extends to lungs after haematogenous spread from ingested bacteria causing tubercles with various degrees of calcification, encapsulation and caseation
 
 
 
==In Rabbits==
 
 
 
===Snuffles===
 
 
 
*Caused by [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
 
*Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]
 
 
 
===''CAR bacillus''===
 
 
 
*As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]]
 

Latest revision as of 10:56, 20 July 2010