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| − | {{review}}
| + | #REDIRECT[[:Category:Respiratory Bacterial Infections]] |
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| − | {{toplink
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| − | |backcolour = D1EEEE
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| − | |linkpage =Cardiorespiratory System - Pathology
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| − | |linktext =Cardiorespiratory System
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| − | |maplink = Cardiorespiratory System (Content Map) - Pathology
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| − | |pagetype =Pathology
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| − | |sublink1=Respiratory System Inflammation - Pathology
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| − | |subtext1=RESPIRATORY SYSTEM INFLAMMATION
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| − | }}
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| − | <br>
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| − | ==In general==
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| − | *Main clinical expression is as secondary invaders of previously damaged lung tissue due to viral or parasitic involvement or environmental stress
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| − | *Some are initial pathogens in their own right while others can damage the tract allowing invasion by more pathogenic types
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| − | ==In Dogs==
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| − | [[Infectious Canine Tracheitis]]
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| − | ===[[Tuberculosis - Dogs]]===
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| − | ===[[Nocardiosis]]===
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| − | ==In Cats==
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| − | ===[[Chlamydiosis, Feline]] ===
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| − | ===''[[Mycoplasma felis]]''===
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| − | ==In Horses==
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| − | ===[[Strangles]]===
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| − | ===''[[Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus]]''===
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| − | ===[[Glanders]]===
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| − | ===''[[Rhodococcus equi]]''===
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| − | ==In Cattle==
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| − | ===[[Necrotic Laryngitis]]===
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| − | [[Cillia-associated Respiratory Bacillus]]
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| − | ===[[Pneumonic Pasteurellosis]]===
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| − | ===[[Tuberculosis - Cattle]]===
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| − | ===[[Contagious Bovine Pleuropneumonia]] ===
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| − | ===[[Enzootic Pneumonia - Calves]]===
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| − | ===[[Acute Exudative Pneumonia]]===
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| − | ==In Sheep==
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| − | ===[[Laryngeal Chondritis]]===
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| − | ===''CAR bacillus''===
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| − | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]]
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| − | ===[[Enzootic Pneumonia - Lambs]]===
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| − | ===[[Melioidosis]] ===
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| − | ==In Pigs==
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| − | ===Atrophic Rhinitis===
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| − | [[Image:Severe atrophic rhinitis.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Severe atrophic rhinitis (Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Atrophy of nasal turbinates and distortion and shortening of the snout
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| − | *Caused by co-infection of the nasal mucosa with
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| − | **''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
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| − | ***Appears to facilitate colonisation of nasal epithelium by the toxigenic ''Pasteurella''
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| − | **Toxin-producing strain of [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] capsular type D (or sometimes A)
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| − | ***Experimental evidence shows that the toxin acts directly on bone cells of the nasal turbinates to cause bone loss, each pathogen can cause atrophy itself but greater damage when together
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| − | *Exacerbated by adverse dietary and managemental factors
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| − | *In rapidly growing young pigs (4-12 weeks old)
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| − | *Clinical signs
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| − | **Progressive facial deformity with [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of rhinitis|rhinitis]], catarrhal nasal discharge
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| − | **Sneezing, coughing, can progress to dyspnoea and anorexia
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| − | *Gross pathology
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| − | **Overlying skin on shortened snout is thrown into folds
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| − | **Deviation of the snout to most affected side
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| − | **Various loss of turbinate bone, ventral usually more affected
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| − | **Deviation of nasal septum away from affected chamber
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| − | **Inflammatory, haemorrhagic and ulcerative lesions in the nasal mucosa
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| − | *Micro pathology
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| − | **Reduction in the amount of bone in the turbinates
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| − | **No osteoid laid down between osteoblasts and existing bone
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| − | **Increased fibrous tissue
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| − | **Non-specific mucosal inflammation
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| − | *2 forms of the disease
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| − | **''''Progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
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| − | ***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by P.multocida strains carrying the toxA gene that encodes for an osteolytic toxin. [[Pasteurella multocida|''P.multocida'']] adheres poorly to mucous membranes, and therefore requires a predisposing nasal insult to assist colonisation eg: co-infection with [[Bordetella bronchiseptica|''B.bronchiseptica'']] or [[Cytomegalovirus|Porcine cytomegalovirus (inclusion body rhinitis)]]
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| − | ***Turbinate bone atrophy is permanent and progressive
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| − | **''''Non-progressive' atrophic rhinitis'''
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| − | ***Due to infection of the nasal turbinates by ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' strains alone, that carry a gene that encodes for a dermonecrotic toxin.
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| − | ***Turbinate bone can regenerate by the time of slaughter
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| − | *''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]'' also causes [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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| − | ===Necrotic laryngitis in pigs===
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| − | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#In Cattle|in cattle]]
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| − | *Caused by infection with [[Fusobacterium|''Fusobacterium necrophorum'']]
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| − | ===Enzootic pneumonia of pigs===
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| − | [[Image:Enzootic pneumonia of pigs.jpg|right|thumb|100px|<small><center>Enzootic pneumonia of pigs(Image sourced from Bristol Biomed Image Archive with permission)</center></small>]]
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| − | *Caused by ''[[Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae]]'' and ''[[Mycoplasma hyorhinis]]''
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| − | *Also called '''mycoplasmal pneumonia'''
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| − | *Major cause of unthriftiness in young pigs
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| − | *[[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|Pneumonia]] in weaned pigs
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| − | *Cough, reduced growth rate
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| − | *Attached to cilia - no [[Respiratory System General Introduction - Pathology#Mucociliary escalator|mucociliary clearance]]
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| − | *Usually non-fatal unless there is secondary infection (e.g. [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']])
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| − | *Gross pathology:
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| − | **Confluent consolidation of the cranioventral lung lobes
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| − | **In other areas there may be small red to grey focal lesions evident which indicate the bronchiolar orientation of the inflammatory process
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| − | *Histologically
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| − | **Changes result from a catarrhal [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Bronchointerstitial pneumonia|bronchointerstitial pneumonia]]
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| − | **In chronic cases, prominent accumulations of lymphoid cells can be seen around airways and blood vessels
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| − | ===''Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae''===
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| − | *Causative agent: ''[[Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae]]''
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| − | *Expolsive outbreaks of [[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]]
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| − | *Spread by direct contact and aerosol
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| − | *Lesions
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| − | **Largely from toxin produced
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| − | **In diphragmatic lobes of the lungs
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| − | *Haemorrhage with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|fibrinous pleuritis]]
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| − | *Usually localised, sometimes generalised
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| − | ===Pasteurellosis in pigs===
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| − | *[[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']] can cause a severe acute fibrinous [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] in pigs
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| − | *The most significant disease here is that caused by ''P. multocida'' secondary to underlying [[:Category:Mycoplasmas|''mycoplasma'' pneumonia]], see above [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Enzootic pneumonia of pigs|enzootic pneumonia of pigs]]
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| − | **This results in chronic suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|bronchopneumonia]] with abscessation and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]]
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| − | *If there is considerable pleural involvement, it may be indistinguishable from lesions caused by ''[[Haemophilus pleuropneumonia]]'' (below)
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| − | *Also isolated from cases of meningitis and septicaemia in piglets
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| − | ===Contagious porcine pleuropneumonia===
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| − | *Caused by [[Haemophilus pleuropneumonia|''Haemophilus (Actinobacillus) pleuropneumonia'']]
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| − | *Seen mainly between 6wks-6mths of age but will affect any age
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| − | *Highly pathogenic strains are capable of initiating disease on their own with high mortality in young pigs
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| − | *A fibrinonecrotic [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] with [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleurisy]]
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| − | *Foci of haemorrhagic consolidation or necrosis, mainly around major bronchi, tend to sequestrate
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| − | *Tending to spread throughout all lung lobes: therefore a cranioventral distribution may not be particularly evident
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| − | ===Glasser's disease===
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| − | *Caused by ''[[Haemophilus parasuis]]''
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| − | *May cause suppurative [[Bronchi and Bronchioles Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of bronchitis or bronchiolitis|broncho]][[Lungs Inflammatory - Pathology#Infectious causes of pneumonia|pneumonia]] and [[Pleural Cavity & Membranes Inflammatory - Pathology|pleuritis]] (as part of polyserositis)
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| − | *Stress of mixing, weaning and adverse environmental conditions are predisposing to the disease
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| − | ===Streptococcal pneumonia===
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| − | *Caused by ''[[Streptococcus suis]]'' type II
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| − | ===Tuberculosis in pigs===
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| − | *Pigs are susceptible to the [[:Category:Mycobacterium species|''Mycobacterium'' spp.]] causing tuberculosis [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#Tuberculosis|in cattle]]
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| − | *Rarely extends to lungs after haematogenous spread from ingested bacteria causing tubercles with various degrees of calcification, encapsulation and caseation
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| − | ==In Rabbits==
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| − | ===Snuffles===
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| − | *Caused by [[Pasteurella multocida|''Pasteurella multocida'']], less commonly and/or ''[[Bordetella bronchiseptica]]''
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| − | *Clinical signs (nasal discharge, sneezing) result from an acute to chronic [[Nasal Cavity Inflammatory - Pathology|rhinitis]]
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| − | ===''CAR bacillus''===
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| − | *As [[Respiratory Bacterial Infections - Pathology#CAR bacillus|in cattle]]
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