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<big><center>[[Enterobacteriaceae|'''BACK TO ENTEROBACTERIACEAE''']]</center></big>
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Salmonella spp. are gram-negative straight rods, usually flagellated, facultative anaerobes.
<big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big>
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<big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big>
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===Overview===
 
===Overview===
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**Stimulate immune response on reaching the lamina propria
 
**Stimulate immune response on reaching the lamina propria
 
**Acute inflammation, possibly with ulceration; prostaglandin and cytokine production by epithelial cells; enterotoxin production damaging mucosa  
 
**Acute inflammation, possibly with ulceration; prostaglandin and cytokine production by epithelial cells; enterotoxin production damaging mucosa  
**Phagocytosis of bacteria by neutrophils and macrophages
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**Phagocytosis of bacteria by [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and macrophages
 
**Bacteria either destroyed by the phagocytic cells or survive and multiply in the cells to cause systemic disease
 
**Bacteria either destroyed by the phagocytic cells or survive and multiply in the cells to cause systemic disease
 
**Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by complement allows spread within the body - bacteraemia and septicaemia
 
**Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by complement allows spread within the body - bacteraemia and septicaemia
 
**LPS O antigens prevent damage to bacterial cell wall by complement
 
**LPS O antigens prevent damage to bacterial cell wall by complement
 
**LPS also causes endotoxaemia, and may contribute to local inflammatory response damaging intestinal cells to cause diarrhoea
 
**LPS also causes endotoxaemia, and may contribute to local inflammatory response damaging intestinal cells to cause diarrhoea
**Endotoxic shock during septicaemic [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]] due to LPS  
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**Endotoxic shock during septicaemic [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]] due to LPS  
**Septicaemia may cause [[Bacterial skin infections#Systemic bacterial infections|cyanosis of extremities]]
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**Septicaemia may cause [[Bacterial skin infections - Pathology#Systemic bacterial infections|cyanosis of extremities]]
 
**Intracellular carriage if bacteria no completely removed
 
**Intracellular carriage if bacteria no completely removed
 
**Invasive potential of certain strains e.g. ''Salmonella'' Dublin associated with carriage of a large plasmid, encoding genes to allow intracellular survival in macrophages and also to allow iron acquisition
 
**Invasive potential of certain strains e.g. ''Salmonella'' Dublin associated with carriage of a large plasmid, encoding genes to allow intracellular survival in macrophages and also to allow iron acquisition
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**Bacteria can survive intracellularly, avoiding the immune system and antimicrobials
 
**Bacteria can survive intracellularly, avoiding the immune system and antimicrobials
 
**May have latent carriage and intermittent excretion in faeces
 
**May have latent carriage and intermittent excretion in faeces
**Stresses e.g. transportaion, illness, parturition, overcrowding promote excretion in carrier animals and may cause clinical signs to be shown
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**Stresses e.g. transportation, illness, parturition, overcrowding promote excretion in carrier animals and may cause clinical signs to be shown
 
**Tortoises, terrapins, snakes and other reptiles ofter carry ''Salmonellae''
 
**Tortoises, terrapins, snakes and other reptiles ofter carry ''Salmonellae''
 
**Asymptomatic carriage allows faecal spread of infection
 
**Asymptomatic carriage allows faecal spread of infection
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*Most human infections contracted from animals, especially poulty and cattle
 
*Most human infections contracted from animals, especially poulty and cattle
 
*Some serotypes are host-specific, some infect a wide range of species
 
*Some serotypes are host-specific, some infect a wide range of species
*Healthy adult carnivores are resistant to [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]
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*Healthy adult carnivores are resistant to [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]
 
*Clinical outcome depends on number of bacteria ingested, virulence of serotype, susceptibility of host
 
*Clinical outcome depends on number of bacteria ingested, virulence of serotype, susceptibility of host
 
*Young and debilitated animals susceptible
 
*Young and debilitated animals susceptible
 
*''Salmonella'' serotypes:
 
*''Salmonella'' serotypes:
**''S.'' Tymphimurium infects many species; causes severe diarrhoea; non-invasive; causes of food poisoning in humans, e.g. from infected poultry
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**''S.'' Typhimurium infects many species; causes severe diarrhoea; non-invasive; causes of food poisoning in humans, e.g. from infected poultry
 
**''S. enteritidis'': non species-specific; losses in young birds; causes food poisoning in humans
 
**''S. enteritidis'': non species-specific; losses in young birds; causes food poisoning in humans
 
**''S.'' Dublin: invasive serovar; infects cattle
 
**''S.'' Dublin: invasive serovar; infects cattle
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**''S.'' Typhi, ''S.'' Paratyphi: infect humans
 
**''S.'' Typhi, ''S.'' Paratyphi: infect humans
 
**''S.'' Montevideo produces outbreaks from contaminated imported meat and bone meal  
 
**''S.'' Montevideo produces outbreaks from contaminated imported meat and bone meal  
*Enteric [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
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*Enteric [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
 
**Enterocolitis occurs in most farm animal species affecting all ages
 
**Enterocolitis occurs in most farm animal species affecting all ages
**[[Intestines - Ulcerative Enteritis|Ulcerative enteritis]]  
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**[[:Category:Enteritis, Ulcerative|Ulcerative enteritis]]  
 
**Fever, depression, anorexia, foul-smelling diarrhoea containing blood, mucus and epithelial casts
 
**Fever, depression, anorexia, foul-smelling diarrhoea containing blood, mucus and epithelial casts
 
**Dehydration and weight loss
 
**Dehydration and weight loss
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**Milder syndrome where endemic on farms, possibly due to acquired immunity
 
**Milder syndrome where endemic on farms, possibly due to acquired immunity
 
**Chronic enterocolitis can occur in surviving pigs, cattle, horses, causing intermittent fever, soft faeces and gradual weight loss
 
**Chronic enterocolitis can occur in surviving pigs, cattle, horses, causing intermittent fever, soft faeces and gradual weight loss
*Septicaemic [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
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*Septicaemic [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
 
**Most common in calves, neonatal foals, pigs under one month
 
**Most common in calves, neonatal foals, pigs under one month
 
**Sudden onset fever, depression, recumbency
 
**Sudden onset fever, depression, recumbency
 
**Die within 48 hours if not treated
 
**Die within 48 hours if not treated
 
**Persistent diarrhoea, meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia may occur in surviving animals
 
**Persistent diarrhoea, meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia may occur in surviving animals
**Found in [[Joints - inflammatory#In Horses|arthritis of horses]]
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**Found in [[Infectious Arthritis#In Horses|arthritis of horses]]
**Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[General Pathology - Haemostasis#Secondary Thrombocytopenic Disease|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]]
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**Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[Platelet Abnormalities|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]]
 
**''S.'' Cholerae-Suis in pigs causes blue discoloration of ears and snout; co-infection with viruses causes severe clinical forms of disease
 
**''S.'' Cholerae-Suis in pigs causes blue discoloration of ears and snout; co-infection with viruses causes severe clinical forms of disease
*Bovine [[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
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*Bovine [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
 
**Syndrome of fever and diarrhoea (with dysentery), often fatal, in calves and adult cattle
 
**Syndrome of fever and diarrhoea (with dysentery), often fatal, in calves and adult cattle
 
**Abdominal pain in adult cattle due to necrotic bowel
 
**Abdominal pain in adult cattle due to necrotic bowel
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***Abortion with no other clinical signs  
 
***Abortion with no other clinical signs  
 
***Chronic infections with ''S.'' Dublin in calves cause dry gangrene of extremities due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; tips of ears, tail and limbs may slough
 
***Chronic infections with ''S.'' Dublin in calves cause dry gangrene of extremities due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; tips of ears, tail and limbs may slough
***Can cause [[Bones - inflammatory#Osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis]] in young animals
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***Can cause [[Osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis]] in young animals
 
***Most survivors become subclinical excretors
 
***Most survivors become subclinical excretors
 
***May become latent carriers with no excretion
 
***May become latent carriers with no excretion
*[[Intestines - Fibrinous/ Haemorrhagic Enteritis#Salmonellosis|Salmonellosis]] in poultry:
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*<div id="Spleen">[[Salmonellosis|Salmonellosis]] in poultry:
 
**''S.'' Pullorum and ''S.'' Gallinarum now rare in UK due to eradication programs including the Pullorum test (whole blood slide agglutination to detect antibody to both ''S.'' Pullorum and ''S'' Gallinarum)
 
**''S.'' Pullorum and ''S.'' Gallinarum now rare in UK due to eradication programs including the Pullorum test (whole blood slide agglutination to detect antibody to both ''S.'' Pullorum and ''S'' Gallinarum)
 
**These ''Salmonellae'' can infect the ovaries of hens and be transmitted via eggs
 
**These ''Salmonellae'' can infect the ovaries of hens and be transmitted via eggs
**Pullorum disease infects young chickens and turkeys (under 3 weeks); high mortality rates; anorexia, depression, white diarrhoea; white nodules throughout lungs; focal necrosis of liver and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]
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**Pullorum disease infects young chickens and turkeys (under 3 weeks); high mortality rates; anorexia, depression, white diarrhoea; white nodules throughout lungs; focal necrosis of liver and [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]</div>
**Fowl typhoid causes similar lesions to pullorum disease in young birds; septicaemic condition in adult birds with sudden death (enlarged, friable, bole-stained liver and enlarged [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]])
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**Fowl typhoid causes similar lesions to pullorum disease in young birds; septicaemic condition in adult birds with sudden death (enlarged, friable, bole-stained liver and enlarged [[Spleen - Anatomy & Physiology|spleen]]). On post mortem inspection bronzing of the organs is notable.
 
**Paratyphoid caused by non host-specific ''Salmonella'' serotypes, e.g. ''S.'' Enteritidis and ''S.'' Typhimurium; often subclinical infections
 
**Paratyphoid caused by non host-specific ''Salmonella'' serotypes, e.g. ''S.'' Enteritidis and ''S.'' Typhimurium; often subclinical infections
      
===Diagnosis===
 
===Diagnosis===
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==In Reptiles==
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It is estimated that between 36 and 77% lizards harbour Salmonella - the most recognized reptilian zoonosis. Owners must be educated regarding the public health hazard (especially for the very young, the old and the immune compromised).
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[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]
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<big><center>[[Enterobacteriaceae|'''BACK TO ENTEROBACTERIACEAE''']]</center></big>
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[[Category:Enterobacteriaceae]]
<big><center>[[Bacteria|'''BACK TO BACTERIA''']]</center></big>
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[[Category:Zoonoses]]
<big><center>[[Infectious agents and parasites|'''BACK TO INFECTIOUS AGENTS AND PARASITES''']]</center></big>
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[[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]
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