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→Clinical infections
Salmonella spp. are gram-negative straight rods, usually flagellated, facultative anaerobes.
===Overview===
===Overview===
**Stimulate immune response on reaching the lamina propria
**Stimulate immune response on reaching the lamina propria
**Acute inflammation, possibly with ulceration; prostaglandin and cytokine production by epithelial cells; enterotoxin production damaging mucosa
**Acute inflammation, possibly with ulceration; prostaglandin and cytokine production by epithelial cells; enterotoxin production damaging mucosa
**Phagocytosis of bacteria by [[Neutrophils - WikiBlood|neutrophils]] and macrophages
**Phagocytosis of bacteria by [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and macrophages
**Bacteria either destroyed by the phagocytic cells or survive and multiply in the cells to cause systemic disease
**Bacteria either destroyed by the phagocytic cells or survive and multiply in the cells to cause systemic disease
**Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by complement allows spread within the body - bacteraemia and septicaemia
**Resistance to phagocytosis and destruction by complement allows spread within the body - bacteraemia and septicaemia
*Young and debilitated animals susceptible
*Young and debilitated animals susceptible
*''Salmonella'' serotypes:
*''Salmonella'' serotypes:
**''S.'' Tymphimurium infects many species; causes severe diarrhoea; non-invasive; causes of food poisoning in humans, e.g. from infected poultry
**''S.'' Typhimurium infects many species; causes severe diarrhoea; non-invasive; causes of food poisoning in humans, e.g. from infected poultry
**''S. enteritidis'': non species-specific; losses in young birds; causes food poisoning in humans
**''S. enteritidis'': non species-specific; losses in young birds; causes food poisoning in humans
**''S.'' Dublin: invasive serovar; infects cattle
**''S.'' Dublin: invasive serovar; infects cattle
**Die within 48 hours if not treated
**Die within 48 hours if not treated
**Persistent diarrhoea, meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia may occur in surviving animals
**Persistent diarrhoea, meningitis, arthritis or pneumonia may occur in surviving animals
**Found in [[Joints Inflammatory - Pathology#In Horses|arthritis of horses]]
**Found in [[Infectious Arthritis#In Horses|arthritis of horses]]
**Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[Haemostasis - Pathology#Secondary Thrombocytopenic Disease|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]]
**Can cause haemorrhagic disease by [[Platelet Abnormalities|secondary thrombocytopenic disease]]
**''S.'' Cholerae-Suis in pigs causes blue discoloration of ears and snout; co-infection with viruses causes severe clinical forms of disease
**''S.'' Cholerae-Suis in pigs causes blue discoloration of ears and snout; co-infection with viruses causes severe clinical forms of disease
*Bovine [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
*Bovine [[Salmonellosis|salmonellosis]]:
***Abortion with no other clinical signs
***Abortion with no other clinical signs
***Chronic infections with ''S.'' Dublin in calves cause dry gangrene of extremities due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; tips of ears, tail and limbs may slough
***Chronic infections with ''S.'' Dublin in calves cause dry gangrene of extremities due to disseminated intravascular coagulation; tips of ears, tail and limbs may slough
***Can cause [[Bones Inflammatory - Pathology#Osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis]] in young animals
***Can cause [[Osteomyelitis|Osteomyelitis]] in young animals
***Most survivors become subclinical excretors
***Most survivors become subclinical excretors
***May become latent carriers with no excretion
***May become latent carriers with no excretion
==In Reptiles==
It is estimated that between 36 and 77% lizards harbour Salmonella - the most recognized reptilian zoonosis. Owners must be educated regarding the public health hazard (especially for the very young, the old and the immune compromised).
[[Category:Lizard_and_Snake_Glossary]]
[[Category:Enterobacteriaceae]]
[[Category:Enterobacteriaceae]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Zoonoses]]
[[Category:Enteritis,_Bacterial]][[Category:Enteritis, Ulcerative]]
[[Category:To_Do_-_Bacteria]]