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==Introduction==
==Introduction==
[[Image:Pedunculated sarcoid donkey.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>A large pedunculated (Type 1a, fibroblastic) sarcoid.
[[Image:Pedunculated sarcoid donkey.jpg|right|thumb|200px|<small><center>A large pedunculated (Type 1a, fibroblastic) sarcoid.
===Immunological mechanisms===
===Immunological mechanisms===
Immunological mechanisms may be of value. There are anecdotal
Immunological mechanisms may be of value. There are anecdotal reports of the benefits of '''autologous blood injections''' but it is very hard to see any immunological benefit from this approach. The reality is that a '''few cases do seem to resolve spontaneously''' (although this seems to be less common in donkeys than in horses).
reports of the benefits of '''autologous blood injections''' but it is very hard
to see any immunological benefit from this approach. The reality is that a
'''few cases do seem to resolve spontaneously''' (although this seems to be less
common in donkeys than in horses).
The use of '''intra-lesional BCG''' has been advocated and this appears
The use of '''intra-lesional BCG''' has been advocated and this appears to be a useful, but by no means certain, treatment for '''localised nodular and fibroblastic lesions around the eyes''' of the donkey. The critical factors appear to be the true intra-lesional injection; peri-lesional injection has no material benefit and risks the development of anaphylaxis. The mechanism for the effects of BCG are probably due to its intense chemotactic nature: macrophages and [[Neutrophils|neutrophils]] and some mononuclear cells are actively drawn into the site and remove cells to which the BCG has adhered. Repeated injections are required and, as the tumour becomes necrotic and decays, true intra-lesional injection becomes more difficult.
to be a useful, but by no means certain, treatment for '''localised nodular
and fibroblastic lesions around the eyes''' of the donkey. The critical factors
appear to be the true intra-lesional injection; peri-lesional injection has no
material benefit and risks the development of anaphylaxis. The mechanism
for the effects of BCG are probably due to its intense chemotactic nature:
macrophages and neutrophils and some mononuclear cells are actively
drawn into the site and remove cells to which the BCG has adhered.
Repeated injections are required and, as the tumour becomes necrotic and
decays, true intra-lesional injection becomes more difficult.
===Cytotoxic compounds===
===Cytotoxic compounds===
Topical cytotoxic compounds based on heavy metals and cytotoxic
Topical cytotoxic compounds based on heavy metals and cytotoxic and antimitotic chemicals, such as '''cisplatin''' and '''5-fluorouracil''', are valuable because they are convenient and relatively cheap. '''AW4-LUDES''' from Liverpool University is possibly the best known of these. Often these are the only material options available. They do, however, cause much tissue necrosis and '''some pain is inevitable'''. The results suggest that some localised lesions, and those that have a superficial nature, are more susceptible to the methods, but again there are wide variations in response and not all lesions will respond.
and antimitotic chemicals, such as '''cisplatin''' and '''5-fluorouracil''', are valuable
because they are convenient and relatively cheap. '''AW4-LUDES''' from
Liverpool University is possibly the best known of these. Often these are
the only material options available. They do, however, cause much tissue
necrosis and '''some pain is inevitable'''. The results suggest that some localised
lesions, and those that have a superficial nature, are more susceptible to
the methods, but again there are wide variations in response and not all
lesions will respond.
===Other materials===
===Other materials===
radiation but the availably of teletherapy and interstitial brachytherapy is
radiation but the availably of teletherapy and interstitial brachytherapy is
very limited. The expense and practicality are severely limiting factors.
very limited. The expense and practicality are severely limiting factors.
==Cell Transformation==
[[Image:Wound sarcoid.jpg|left|thumb|250px|<small><center>Sarcoid (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
[[Image:Sarcoid removed wound.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Wound following removal of sarcoid (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
[[Image:Healing of sarcoid wound.jpg|right|thumb|250px|<small><center>Healing of wound (Image courtesy of [http://drupal.thedonkeysanctuary.org.uk The Donkey Sanctuary])</center></small>]]
[[Sarcoid - Donkey|Sarcoid]] transformation at wound sites is a very common (and increasingly important) reason
for [[Wound Healing Inhibition Factors - Donkey|wound healing failure]]. Sarcoid fibroblasts are a strong inhibitor of wound healing and the extent
of the sarcoid within the wound/granulation tissue needs not to be high for inhibition to occur. The
extent of the transformation is sometimes very limited but the effects remain profound. Healing
is inhibited until all tumour cells are removed.
Confirmation of the problem is not always easy. Multiple biopsies from different parts of the tissue should be taken to ensure the maximum chance of finding it.
Special precautions such as early dressing application and particularly
control of fly contact should be taken to protect wounds on donkeys that
already have sarcoids at other sites. Wounds that involve sarcoid tissue
are extremely dangerous because they are very difficult and sometimes
impossible to treat.
==Literature Search==
[[File:CABI logo.jpg|left|90px]]
Use these links to find recent scientific publications via CAB Abstracts (log in required unless accessing from a subscribing organisation).
<br><br><br>
[http://www.cabdirect.org/search.html?q=od%3A%28donkeys%29+AND+ab%3A%28sarcoids%29 Sarcoids in donkeys publications]
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2008/20083249369.pdf '''Sarcoids: clinical epidemiology, principal effects and treatment responses.''' Ayele, G.; Feseha, G.; Bojia, E.; Getachew, M.; Alemayehu, F.; Tesfaye, M.; Amare, B.; Dereje, N.; Chala, C.; Asefa, A.; Anziuno, G.; Trawford, A.; Pearson, R. A.; Muir, C. J.; Farrow, M.; The Donkey Sanctuary, Sidmouth, UK, Fifth International Colloquium on Working Equines. The future for working equines. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, 30 October-2 November, 2006., 2007, pp 90-98, 12 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']
[http://www.cabi.org/cabdirect/FullTextPDF/2007/20073086272.pdf '''Suffering sarcoid succotash: update on diagnosis and treatment of equine sarcoids. Yu, A. A.; Ontario Veterinary Medical Association, Milton, Canada, Challenge your heart, challenge your mind. Conference Proceedings, OVMA, Westin Harbour Castle, Toronto, Ontario, 25-27 January, 2007, 2007, pp 358-363, 24 ref. - '''Full Text Article''']
==References==
==References==
* Knottenbelt, D. (2008) Skin disorders In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 8
* Knottenbelt, D. (2008) Skin disorders In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 8
* Knottenbelt, D. (2008) The principles and practice of wound mamagement In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 9
* Grove, V. (2008) Conditions of the eye In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 11
* Grove, V. (2008) Conditions of the eye In Svendsen, E.D., Duncan, J. and Hadrill, D. (2008) ''The Professional Handbook of the Donkey'', 4th edition, Whittet Books, Chapter 11
|sublink1 =Eyelid Diseases - Donkey
|sublink1 =Eyelid Diseases - Donkey
|subtext1 =Eyelid Diseases - Donkey
|subtext1 =Eyelid Diseases - Donkey
|pagetype=Donkey
|pagetype=Donkey
}}
}}
{{infotable
|Maintitle = [[Sponsors#The Donkey Sanctuary|This section was sponsored and content provided by '''THE DONKEY SANCTUARY''']]
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[[Category:Donkey]]
[[Category:Neoplastic Skin Disorders - Donkey]]
[[Category:Eyelid Diseases - Donkey]]